Distribution Channel And Parle Essay Example for Free

Distribution Channel And Parle Essay Introduction The bread and biscuits constitutes the largest segments of consumer foods in India. Both Biscuits and Bread are items of mass consumption in our Country. Almost 2 million tons of biscuits are produced in India each year and consumption is growing at 10-12 per cent annually. The per capita  consumption of biscuits in the country is about 1.52 kg annually. Contrary to popular belief that biscuits are consumed by the middle and high income groups, it is actually the only nutritious and hygienic food product for children, lower income groups and the rural population. Nearly 50 per cent of biscuits produced are consumed in rural areas and 30 per cent by income groups earning below Rs 750 per month. Every 100 gm of glucose biscuits roughly provides 20 per cent of energy, protein and calcium required by an average adult. So as to explore the opportunities in these sectors, a large no. of companies is trying to increase their consumer base in these areas. For this they are offering various promotional schemes in order to make their brand familiar to consumers and to have a Competitive edge. Parle G Industries has made a rapid progress in the variety, quality and quantity of biscuits and baked foods and has become India’s biggest brands and the preeminent food brand of the country. It is equally recognized for its innovative approach to products and marketing. The company’s offerings are spread across the spectrum with products ranging from the healthy and economical. About the company In 1929 a small company by the name of Parle products emerged in British dominated India.The intent was to spread joy and cheer to children and adults alike, all over the country with its sweets and candies. The company knew that it wouldn’t be an easy task, but they decided to take the brave step. A small factory was set up in the suburbs of Mumbai, to manufacture sweets and toffees. The Parle brand became well known in India following the success of products such as the Parle-G biscuits and Thums Up soft drink. The original Parle Company was split into three separate companies: Parle Products Parle Agro Parle Bisleri Today, the great strength of Parle Products is the extremely widespread distribution network. Even at the remotest places, you can buy Parle biscuits and sweets from the local grocer. It has taken years to create this  extensive network. Parle’s sales force started with one salesman in Bombay and some agents in few other cities. Gradually, Parle Products expanded. Soon sweets and biscuits were being sent by rail to Calcutta, Delhi, Karachi, Madras and other major cities. As production increased, distribution was amplified. Full time salesmen were appointed in different areas. Currently, Parle Products has over 33, 00,000 distribution outlets. Distribution Channel Network of Parle-G Intensive Distribution- Parle uses, Intensive Distribution for Parle G. This is the ideal strategy for the market leader as intensive distribution has the following advantages; Increases coverage and sales. Increases product availability. Encourages retailers to compete aggressive. Higher competition leads to narrower margins for the retails hence, increases the ultimate margin for the manufacturer. Channel members of the distribution network: The Parle distribution network for biscuits has essentially four levels as enlisted below: Parle Depots Wholesalers and Distributers Carry Forward Agents (if required) Retailers Channel members and logistics: Parle has nearly 1500 wholesalers, catering to 425000 retail outlets directly or indirectly. A two hundred strong dedicated field force services these wholesalers and retailers. Additionally, there are 31 depots and Carry and Forward agents supplying goods to the wide distribution network. Parle has level 1, level 2, level 3 distribution channels levels. Level1- Availability at all departmental stores across the length and breadth of the country. Level2- Channel exists for customers scattered throughout the country. Level3-Mass consumption and suitable for National and International coverage. Channel Dynamics: Parle has a multi-channel marketing system since it uses more than two marketing channels to reach all its customer segments. Parle Distribution Network Logistics Selection of Channel Members: Parle takes into consideration a host of factors while selecting the channel members. This is because it believes that selection of channel members is a long run decision and the rest of the decision regarding the supply chain depends upon the efficiency and coverage by the channel members. The following are the host of factors considered by the company in selecting the channel members: Authentication is required by the regarding the identity of the channel members, which includes the name and address, photograph of the location. Proof of solvency which requires name and address of the channel member’s bankers Safety of the inventory, which means that the distributor/ dealer should get the stock of the company insured. Inventory or the perishable goods kept by the distributor/ dealer should be in good condition which means a detail of storage space and Refrigeration facility is to be provided. Details of the delivery vehicle, which includes the fo llowing. 1. Light Commercial Vehicles: 2. Matador 3. 3 Wheeler Van 4. Tricycle Van and Hand/Push cart. 5. The number and model of each of the vehicle needs to be furnished to the company. Company acknowledges the fact that it needs to be sensitive to the market demands. For this it requires that a number of salesmen needs to be present on the field. The salesmen too are divided into various categories like 1. The Field salesmen 2. Counter salesmen The details of Clerical Staff and labour are to be provided. The technical competence of the salesmen needs to be mentioned. Details of the various products of other companies that the channel member keeps have to be  provided. The following also need to be furnished with the above: 1. The annual sales of these products have to be mentioned. 2. Details of complementary products and product lines need to be mentioned. Dealers of the company must carry a good reputation. This is due to the fact that Parle believes that the reputation of the dealer affects the clientele in the long run. Market coverage by the distributors needs to be defined which includes details of Geographic coverage and Outlets per market area. The company also requires the dealers to furnish any Advertising and Sales initiative undertaken by them on behalf of the company. Channel Members of the Parle Distribution Network a) Distributors: One of the main factors, which keep the distributors motivated, is the margin. Usually the margins offered by Parle are 8%. Now-a-days it has been raised to 8.5%. Volume wise this comes out to be a big figure since Parle’s product has a good demand in the market. However compared to the other companies the margins are still lower since the new players in the market offer a much higher margin. But the very fact that Parle’s products have good demand in the market motivates the distributors to stock it. Parle Products being a cooperative cannot afford to give heavy monetary incentives. Parles products are considered to be value for money since the company does not believe in charging high margins. In fact all monetary incentives are just the short run means to promote the company’s product. b) The Retailers: Trade schemes: these are undertaken by the company only for the hard selling items. Glow boards: the company puts up glow boards at the retailer and pays the major portion of the cost. Schedule of the salesmen: they provide the retails with this schedule so the retailers can pre -estimate the quantities of the various products needed. Infrastructure facilitation: the company facilitates the retailers to buy beautiful stalls by formulating an easy payment program and a commitment to buy back the equipment at a reasonable price when the value of the equipment has depreciated. Distribution Channel and Parle The company’s strength is in the procurement of raw materials and essentially not the distribution of its product. Even though Parle is the market leader in biscuits. But, distribution logistics is the industry’s main problem. While the other companies fail to replenish demand due to lack in procurement of rawmaterial, Parle’s inventory management is sound. Parle has loyal cooperatives that provide products only to them, over time the relationship of trust has built up with these people that Parle leverages now. The transport channel is another strong point for Parle. As these transporters have grown with the company overtime; the bonding with them enables the company to give least margins when it comes to the distributors in the industry, lowering the costs. Parle believes that there is an ongoing demand in the market and therefore no promotions are needed to increase the sales, also the fact this would affect the cost of the product the company doesn’tundertake many promotion schemes. Parle is able to provide products at the least price in the industry, and is able to give least channel margins as the channel members earn through volumes and not through high margins. The company has been able to push its new products into the market by hooking them onto the fast moving products like Parle butter bite. Because of the strong relationship that Parle shares with the constituent channel members, it forces the channel members to carry all its new products. Suggestions for Distribution Channel The following are the suggestions that Parle can implement to better its distribution channels: Increase the margins: In order to motivate the channel members it is also very essential for the company to increase the margins for the hard selling items. Pushcarts: These should be increased in number in order to increase the market reach (especially the rural market). This can provide with a very effective channel. Parle should also go in for ‘Parle’ Zones: It is primarily for big city retail outlets. Here all the Parle products can be stalked. This can be an effective mode of umbrella marketing. This strategy can be implemented in regions where the footfalls are large in number. The advantages of this alternative channel would be as follows: 1. Full range display. 2. Easier to promote new products. 3. Easy to push impulse purchase products. 4. The Parle Brand building exercise will be enhanced.

Ray Bradburys The Martian Chronicles Essay -- Ray Bradbury Martian Ch

Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the Martian Chronicles had been written in the 1999’s instead of fifty years ago, many issues and problems would change. Ray Bradbury wrote his book in 1946. In it he wrote about problems such as censorship, man’s cruelty to man, and loneliness. Each issue shows up in one or two of his chronicles. All of his issues affect every one of his characters in many different ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Censorship is a main problem or issue today, and in the book it shows up in one of his chronicles, â€Å"Usher II†. In this chronicle, a man builds a house of Usher. One man points (he was from a group that was against all forms of imagination) out, â€Å"No books, no houses, nothing to be produced which in any way suggests ghosts, vampires, fairies, or any creature of imagination.† Yet in this house he saw all of these things and more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chronicle also brings up the issue of censoring certain books by authors such as Edgar Allen Poe. The house that is built is based on a house that is in one of Poe’s books. The unimaginative man is ignorant to the facts of Edgar A. P.’s books and does not even recognize the kind of death he was about to face that was directly copied out of a book. If it were to happen today and now, the only books that would be allowed would be schoolbooks, and even those books could not contain theories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That is the way censorship is brought up in the book. Today, however, it affects more than just books. It is used in movies, TV, news, magazines, and the Internet. Words, obscenity, and some vulgar things can be kept from the viewing audience. They can keep certain people, those seventeen and younger from seeing movies, TV, or Internet sites. In the book one character makes a point of saying, â€Å"ignorance is fatal.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man’s cruelty to man is another issue in the Martian Chronicles that is and was a problem in the real world. In the book, it shows up in three chronicles, â€Å"Ylla†, â€Å"The Off Season†, and â€Å"Way in the Middle of the Air†. â€Å"Ylla† and â€Å"The Off Season† are more of family cruelty, while â€Å"Way in the Middle of the Air† deals more with racism. Both are reasons that people get hurt and even die for no reason. Or for a stupid reason like color or gender.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"Ylla†, Ylla, or Mrs. K., is noticing that her marriage is not as fun as it used to be and her and her husband don’t go out anymore. Bu... ...family live on Mars. His real family had died years before. He was so lonely that he created robots to replace his dead family. He could not handle the fact that his family had died and left him to live alone. Many people, if they could, would bring back their diseased family members, loved but unforgotten.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people miss family and friends that have moved or died. Some just may be shy and not have friends. Loneliness is something one can’t do anything about. It will happen. You can’t even make a law against it because it is a feeling. Some get over there loneliness by meeting new people, but still others never get over it and live lonely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of these issues mentioned are important today and it the book. Some have become better of over the last fifty years; some have become worse. Other issues not chosen affect life and the world too. Although these issues are still a problem, the world is what it is because of the, be that good or bad. Censorship, man’s cruelty to man, and loneliness will affect us even if we are on another planet. However that does not mean that we shouldn’t try to stop the problem. If we work together we can abolish the wrongs of this world!

Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood Essay

These are a group of psychological conditions that manifest people from childhood, causing impairment in selective parts of the body. The ICD-10 commonly refers to them as Specific Disorders of Psychological Development (Lord et.al, 2012 p.306). These disorders include language, learning, speech, motor, neurodevelopment, and autism. Others that can loosely be classified as developmental impairments include schizophrenia and antisocial behavior (Lord et.al, 2012 p.307). These conditions are present from childhood and depending on the stage of diagnosis, and they improve as the toddler develops. Most of them are diagnosed under the age of 9 when those surrounding a child notice defects or certain inabilities in comparison to children of the same age. these are a group of psychological conditions that manifest people from childhood causing impairment in selective parts of the body. the icd-10 commonly refers to them as specific disorders of psychological development lord et.al 2012 p.306 these disorders include language learning speech motor neurodevelopment and autism. others that can loosely be classified as developmental impairments include schizophrenia and antisocial behaviThese are a group of psychological conditions that manifest people from childhood, causing impairment in selective parts of the body. The ICD-10 commonly refers to them as Specific Disorders of Psychological Development (Lord et.al, 2012 p.306). These disorders include language, learning, speech, motor, neurodevelopment, and autism. Others that can loosely be classified as developmental impairments include schizophrenia and antisocial behavior (Lord et.al, 2012 p.307). These conditions are present from childhood and depending on the stage of diagnosis, and they improve as the toddler develops. Most of them are diagnosed under the age of 9 when those surrounding a child notice defects or certain inabilities in comparison to children of the same age. There is no specific cause of these disorders, apart from existing theories that are used to draw scientific hypotheses. The most significant characteristics in play involve genetic composition and environmental factors that disrupt the normal human development process and create abnormalities. According to research on of the theory states that stress or trauma during the early childhood period can cause developmental disorders.What causes the autism spectrum disorders. The disease was first described in the mid-20th century by a psychiatrist known as Leo Kanner (McPartland & Dawson, 2015 p.127). He stated that autism was an inborn defect without a definite causative factor, and detected in children from as early as a few weeks after birth to three years of age. Recent research attributes the disease to biology, naming hereditary factors and the pre and peri-natal environments as the greatest influencing factors. Autism spectrum refers to a variety of conditions that are classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). These diseases include Asperger Syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, autism, and pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified, abbreviated as PDD-NOS (Lord et.al, 2012 p.308). Classification of ASD Previous diagnosis manuals classified Asperger’s Syndrome and Autism as different sub-categories of disorders. However, the latest DSM-V manual includes both as a range of a larger disease depending on its severity (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). People with both syndromes are categorized under the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Secondly, the DSM-5 handbook does not emphasize on the aspect of language delay or the exact age when the disease manifests itself (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). Instead, it is classified as a neurodevelopmental condition whose symptoms occur in the early childhood stage with possible diagnosis at a later date. The DSM- 5 also changed the impairment areas from three to two namely social communication and behavior (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). Finally, the clinical presentation of the disease currently uses clinical specifiers to describe ASD (Lord et.al, 2012 p.309). According to scientific study, there are three types of genetic associations of ASD. The first is the familial aggregation of autism common in the siblings of affected ones, and the second category is the genetic combination of other conditions present in the family members of the afflicted children (Lord et.al, 2013 p.4). The third kind of genetic association involves the connection with specific conditions of recognized genetic composition (Yuen et.al, 2015 p.187).or lord et.al 2012 p.307 these conditions are present from childhood and depending on the stage of diagnosis and they improve as the toddler develops. most of them are diagnosed under the age of 9 when those surrounding a child notice defects or certain inabilities in comparison to children of the same age. there is no specific cause of these disorders apart from existing theories that are used to draw scientific hypotheses. the most significant characteristics in play involve genetic composition and environmental factors that disrupt the normal human development process and create abnormalities. according to research on of the theory states that stress or trauma during the early childhood period can cause developmental disorders.what causes the autism spectrum disorders the disease was first described in the mid-20th century by a psychiatrist known as Leo Kanner McPartland Dawson 2015 p.127 he stated that autism was an inborn defect without a definite causative factor and detected in children from as early as a few weeks after birth to three years of age. recent research attributes the disease to biology naming hereditary factors and the pre and peri-natal environments as the greatest influencing factors. autism spectrum refers to a variety of conditions that are classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5 these diseases include Asperger syndrome childhood disintegrative disorder autism and pervasive development disorder not otherwis e specified abbreviated as pdd-nos lord et.al 2012 p.308 classification of asd previous diagnosis manuals classified Aspergers syndrome and autism as different sub-categories of disorders. however the latest DSM-v manual includes both as a range of a larger disease depending on its severity Lauritsen 2013 p.37 people with both syndromes are categorized under the autism spectrum disorder and secondly the DSM-5 handbook does not emphasize on the aspect of language delay or the exact age when the disease manifests itself, Lauritsen, 2013 p.37 instead it is classified as a neurodevelopmental condition whose symptoms occur in the early childhood stage with possible diagnosis at a later date. the DSM- 5 also changed the impairment areas from three to two namely social communication and behavior Lauritsen 2013 p.37 finally the clinical presentation of the disease currently uses clinical specifiers to describe and lord et.al 2012 p.309 according to scientific study there are three types of genetic associations of asd. the first is the familial aggregation of autism common in the siblings of affected ones and the second category is the genetic combination of other conditions present in the family members of the afflicted children lord et.al 2013 p.4 the third kind of genetic association involves the connection with specific conditions of recognized genetic composition yuen et.al 2015 p.187 There is no specific cause of these disorders, apart from existing theories that are used to draw scientific hypotheses. The most significant characteristics in play involve genetic composition and environmental factors that disrupt the normal human development process and create abnormalities. According to research on of the theory states that stress or trauma during the early childhood period can cause developmental disorders.What causes the autism spectrum disorders. The disease was first described in the mid-20th century by a psychiatrist known as Leo Kanner (McPartland & Dawson, 2015 p.127). He stated that autism was an inborn defect without a definite causative factor, and detected in children from as early as a few weeks after birth to three years of age. Recent research attributes the disease to biology, naming hereditary factors and the pre and peri-natal environments as the greatest influencing factors. Autism spectrum refers to a variety of conditions that are classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). These diseases include Asperger Syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, autism, and pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified, abbreviated as PDD-NOS (Lord et.al, 2012 p.308). Classification of ASD Previous diagnosis manuals classified Asperger’s Syndrome and Autism as different sub-categories of disorders. However, the latest DSM-V manual includes both as a range of a larger disease depending on its severity (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). People with both syndromes are categorized under the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Secondly, the DSM-5 handbook does not emphasize on the aspect of language delay or the exact age when the disease manifests itself (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). Instead, it is classified as a neurodevelopmental condition whose symptoms occur in the early childhood stage with possible diagnosis at a later date. The DSM- 5 also changed the impairment areas from three to two namely social communication and behavior (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). Finally, the clinical presentation of the disease currently uses clinical specifiers to describe ASD (Lord et.al, 2012 p.309). According to scientific study, there are three types of genetic associations of ASD. The first is the familial aggregation of autism common in the siblings of affected ones, and the second category is the genetic combination of other conditions present in the family members of the afflicted children (Lord et.al, 2013 p.4). The third kind of genetic association involves the connection with specific conditions of recognized genetic composition (Yuen et.al, 2015 p.187).

Barriers to Communication - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 839 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? BARRIERS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION /COMMUNICATION FALLOFF People in the world are not exactly alike. Cultures or countries are not the same. These differences, however, can cause problems in conveying your meanings. Each person’s mind is different from others. As a result, message sender’s meanings and the receiver’s response are affected by many factors, such as individual: Semantic barriers Conventions of meaning Physical Barrier Psychological barriers Emotional barriers Perceptual barriers Barriers involving values attitudes etc Semantic Barrier A basic principle of communication is that the symbols the sender uses to communicate messages must have the same meaning in both the sender’s and receiver’s minds. You can never be sure that the message in your mind will be clearly sent to your receiver. The world is full with errors, as a result of differences in semantic (meaning) understanding. Symbol Referent (reality) Less Common Experience Common Experience Problem in Conventions of Meaning Denotation A denotation is usually the dictionary definition of a word. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Barriers to Communication" essay for you Create order Denotative meanings name objects, people or events without indicating positive or negative qualities. Such words as car, desk, book, house, and water convey denotative meanings. The receiver has a similar understanding of the thing in which the word is used. Denotation A connotation is an implication of a word or a suggestion separate from the usual definition. Some words have connotative meanings, that is, qualitative judgments and personal reactions. The word man is denotative, father, prophet, brother are connotative. Some words have positive connotations in some contexts and negative meanings in others. For example, slim girl and slim chances. Physical Barriers Communication does not consist of words alone. Another set of barriers is caused by your own physical appearance, your audience, or the context of the document or the presentation. Your ideas, however good and however skillfully imparted, are at the mercy of various potential physical barriers. For Writing For Speaking For Writing There is a whole barrage of possible physical blocks, jammed or jagged margins, fingerprints or smudges, unclear photocopies, unreadable word processor printout, water or coffee, tea spots etc For Speaking Mumbling, not enunciating, speaking too quickly, noises become of hissing ventilation, blowing air conditioning, ringing telephones, slamming doors etc. Psychological Barriers Because of the changing world, everyone has his own concept of reality. Also, human beings, sensory perceptions – touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste are limited, and each person’s mental filter is unique. In our daily interaction with others, we make various abstractions, inferences and evaluations of the world around us. Emotional Barriers One possible psychological block is emotional, you may be emotionally block s you are announcing a new policy you may become popular or unpopular First mayor presentation Writing someone you dislike Other may feel hostile Perception of Reality The perceptual problem is that people think differently Abstracting Selecting some details and omitting others is a process called abstracting. On many occasions abstracting is necessary. However, you sh ould be cautious about â€Å"slanted† statements. Differences in abstracting take place not only when persons describe events but also when they describe people and objects. Slanting is unfair in factual reporting. When presenting some particular facts, you include your own biased ideas into it, you make slanting statement. Try not to let personal preferences affect your factual reporting of information. Perception of Reality Inferring Conclusions made by reasoning from evidence are called inferences. We make assumptions and draw conclusions even though we are not able to immediately verify the evidence. Some inferences are both necessary and desirable; others are risky, even dangerous. Necessary Inferences When we reach a foreign country, we are sure that we will be treated politely. When we post a letter, we infer that it will reach its destination. Conclusions we make about things we have not observed directly can often be against our wishes. Barriers Involving Values, Attitudes etc. Both personality and attitude are complex cognitive process. The difference is that personality usually is thought of as the whole person whereas attitude may makeup the personality. The term attitude describes people and explains their behavior. More precisely an attitude can be defined as a persistent tendency to feel and behave in a particular way towards some object. For example: Name does not like night shift, so his attitude is negative towards his work assignment. A receiver’s attitude toward a message can determine whether it is accepted or rejected. The effectiveness is influenced also by the values, attitudes, and opinions of the communicators. People react favorably when they receive agreeable message. Receivers’ views of the information will affect their response. This response could be what the sender desires or just the opposite. Occasionally people react according to their attitudes toward a situation rather than to the facts. Barriers Involving Values, Attitudes etc. Closed Mind Some people hold rigid views on certain subjects. They maintain their rigid views regardless of the circumstances. Such a closed minded person is very difficult to communicate to. Sender’s Credibility Other factors effecting attitudes, opinions and responses Environmental stresses Personal problems Sensitivity