Music Piracy Is a Good Thing

Music Piracy is a Good thing Pirating music is one of the most common crimes in the world that happens everyday. However, ones you read this essay, I hope you will see this issue from a different perspective, it may not look like such a terrible crime after all. Most successful artists make in the tens of millions every year according to eHow. com. If that's the truth, how badly is piracy really hurting these people? If music piracy is effecting the artist so much then why do majority of the artists are living in mansions bigger than the White House?If pirating music hurts musicians income so badly it would show, and after all this time of pirating music it hasn't. Music piracy benefits artists more than it hurts, therefore it should be legal. Music piracy is mostly committed by people who are everyday people who have average income jobs and have families who end up being sued by big record companies over downloading music for free. It seems a bit to greedy when you look at the diffe rence in pay between the artist and the people who download the songs. ( †¦) say that the people who pirate the music are more likely to go to the show and buy the albums after downloading music (Ernesto).Also, people who pirate music tracks are very likely to develop an connection to the bands orartists and that will lead to them attending the shows, buying albums and merchandise. When putting this issue in perspective, record companies are just looking for money without any consideration for the ways of getting it. Record companies start suing people who have downloaded music for ridiculous amount of money in attempt to intimidate and scare off the fellons from downloading music illegally. The main groups affected are college kids that don't have the money.Sarah Barg was a sophomore at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Sarah received an email from a label company stating that she owed $3,000 to the Recording Industry Association of America (Bratton). For that amount,, Sarah would be paying $7. 87 for each song. Majority of the songs she pirated were from the eighties and weren't even relevant anymore, and yet she was battling record company’s in court over them them. Sixty students like Sarah at UNL received the same similar, as well as hundreds sent out to over sixty other universities across the country. Not knowing ow else to handle the situation, Barg contacted her parents and they had to cover her settlement. â€Å"I don't know what I would have done. I'm only 20 years old,† says Barg. Well over five hundred students across the states have paid settlements to avoid being sued. â€Å"I see it as bullying,† UNL freshman Andrew Johnson says, â€Å"Legally, it makes sense, because we don't have the money to fight back. † Johnson illegally downloaded one song and settled $3,000 to avoid being sued for one song. The money used came from the 18 year old's college fund and he now has to work two jobs to compensate for his loss es.The record companies seem to target those can't fight back. In 2007, major record companies such as Warner music groups, Warner Bros Records, Inc. , and Sony BMG Music Entertainment, tried to sue a young girl from Texas named Whitney Harper for illegally downloading music from file sharing networks on the internet (Malisow). Whitney was at the time was sixteen years old and was being sued for a minimum of $750 per song when Whitney downloaded thirtyseven songs. That is a little over $20,000 and she is only sixteen years old.Harper tried to use the Innocent Infringer Act that would reduce fees to $200 per song. In order to accomplish that, Harper had to prove she was unaware of the copyright laws by claiming that the copyright notice placed on cds were not on the file sharing networks on the Internet therefore she was unaware. The companies referred to the sixteen-year-old as a â€Å"long term massive infringer† of copyright laws. Harper warned that if the companies won the case that downloading music off the Internet could never be innocent infringement. The Harper case is one the few after many years still going through federal court.The companies had stated they were going to begin transitioning away from suing individuals and find better means of fixing the issue. After years of record companies using an intimidation method to fix the pirating problem, it got them nowhere because the amount of pirates only went up, and the efforts by the companies were in most cases useless. According to the Wall Street Journal, they attempted suing many single mothers, a thirteen-year-old girl, and a dead peope. The new approach is for the companies to work with Internet service providers and when music is eing pirated the user receives a warning that they will lose Internet service if they continue(WSJ. com). The companies still reserve the right to sue if someone is a heavy violator or has ignored several warnings, but even with this new system, it still seems like the companies are only out for money, but in an attempt to escape negative attention from the media, they change their approach. According to The Independent, people who illegally download music also spend more money on music, concerts, merchandises than anyone else.The Secretary of State for Business, Peter Mandelson, stated that the record companies new approach to crack down on illegal down loaders by cutting off internet service could potentially harm the music industry more than help it. â€Å"The people who file share are the ones who are interested in music. They use file sharing as a discovery mechanism. † The artists also have mixed opinions over file sharing, some such as James Blunt and Lily Allen are anti-piracy and Shakira is pro-piracy(Shields). Sites have come out with monthly bills for unlimited music plans that seem fairer.Some artists don't feel affected by file sharing and support the fact that piracy creates a bigger fan base for them. Bands like Ange ls and Airwaves have produced free records so copyright wasn't an issue. They figure that the fans will still come see them play and record sales aren't the only thing to being in a successful band. Some artists don't seem to realize that. Most artists make plenty off of record sales even with a piracy problem, so court cases and law suits on everyday people by record companies seems a bit greedy and selfish.Even with the new laws, they are still pushing to stop this unstoppable problem. Today music piracy is referred to as a dead issue. Most cases that are still pending are being dropped. This year a $54,000 fine on a single mother of four was dropped by the U. S. District Court Judge, Micheal Davis, who stated piracy is â€Å"no longer monstrous and shocking. The need for deterrence cannot justify a two million verdict for stealing and distributing twenty-four songs for the sole purpose of obtaining free music†(physorg. om). Thomas Rasset was convicted in 2007 and was order ed to pay $220,000, but the judge who presided over the trial called off the verdict, saying it was â€Å"wholly disproportionate and oppressive. † Her case was one of the thousands that had actually made it to court. In 2011, with new laws, these cases should not be forgotten about. The people who lost cases should be compensated and apologized to because they did nothing other than have an interest in the artist.

The Pain In Osteoarthritis Health And Social Care Essay

Osteoarthritis is a disease of the articulations, impacting 86 % of people over 65 ( Felson, Schaible 2009 ) . Patients with the status frequently complain of hurting within the joint, this hurting frequently worsens when weight bearing. Although, in advanced signifiers of the status there can be pain on remainder excessively. Other ailments include progressive stiffness of the articulations and musculus failing ( Chu, Thornhill 2001 ) . Osteoarthritis is caused by loss of the articular gristle in articulations associated with hypertrophy of the bone and thickener of the capsule ( Enohumah, Imarengiaye 2008 ) . A articulation is where two castanetss, covered in articular gristle meet ; the articulation is lubricated with synovial fluid. Figure 1 shows the anatomy of a healthy articulation. Cartilage plays an of import function in leting smooth clash free motion of the joint. If the gristle becomes damaged motion is restricted and pain develops. Bone has an first-class capacity to men d itself nevertheless in degenerative arthritis the castanetss ability to mend itself consequences in chronic hurting. This is because as tissues try to mend, re-growth occurs abnormally doing some countries of bone to go dilutant and others thicker. This means that the two castanetss no-longer fit together every bit good, doing motion to go progressively hard and painful. If there was greater apprehension of the mechanisms behind the development of hurting, and why some patients with similar X raies appear to hold different sums of hurting more effectual interventions could be developed. This could pro-long the clip before the patient requires. This essay will look at how hurting is transmitted through the organic structure, the anatomy of articulations and how debasement of the joint can take to trouble in degenerative arthritis to let for the development of effectual interventions. This image shows the anatomy of a articulatio genus articulation and the accessary constituents of the joint that enable the joint to execute its map of clash free comfy motion. It is these constituents that can deteriorate in degenerative arthritis and cause hurting to develop. Although the image is of a articulatio genus articulation all articulations have a similar construction. ( Image taken from Enohumah and Imarengiaye. 2010 ) Figure 1: Diagram to Show the Anatomy of a Knee Joint. Pain is termed as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue harm ( Merskey, Bogduk 1994 ) and a defense mechanism mechanism associating to weave harm ( Dray, Read 2007 ) . Pain can be described as transient ; this is the direct stimulation of nociceptive centripetal neurones and the ague hurting this causes. Pain of articulations can be chronic ; uninterrupted hurting which makes mundane undertakings progressively hard to set about. Chronic hurting is of small importance as does non mean tissue harm and may go on after the tissue has repaired ( Dray, Read 2007 ) . The hurting can besides be episodic ; this is when hurting intensifies when set abouting undertakings that require increased joint motion or strength, such as mounting stepss or bending over. This hurting can do psychological hurt to the patient and diminish their quality of life as the hurting forces them to go sedentary and stray. Figure 2: The Pain Pathway in Humans This tract illustrates how hurting is transmitted from the stimulation ( in degenerative arthritis this is a joint ) to the encephalon it besides lists some of the chemicals that can be released from damaged cells that affect hurting transmittal and esthesis ( Image taken from Srivastava, 2010 ) . Pain is transmitted form articulations to the encephalon via neurones with bare nervus terminations, see Figure 2. These constructions are known as nociceptors and the functional nociceptive unit is made up of capillaries, nociceptor and mast cell. Joints are innervated by both centripetal and sympathetic nervousnesss. Nociceptors are normally less than 5AÂ µm in diameter and either Type III myelinated with unmyelinated terminations or Type IV unmyelinated. They have a high threshold of activation which means that a larger depolarizing stimulus than normal is required to do activation. The high threshold enables neurones to go selective for noxious mechanical stimulation ( Enohumah, Imarengiaye 2008 ) . The stimulation can be interpreted as dynamic ( motion ) or inactive ( place feeling ) ( McDougall 2006 ) . Pain transmittal is as follows ; the nociceptors are stimulated and primary sensory nerve fibers which fire action potencies doing the release of substance P ( a peptide which increases hurting by leting the spinal nociceptors to be easy stimulated ) ( Enohumah, Imarengiaye 2008 ) . This activates cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where they synapse with spinal neurones and transmit nervus urge to the mesencephalon and cerebral mantle. Chemical go-betweens such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes can be released from the site of tissue harm ensuing in peripheral nociceptor sensitisation ; this is the progressive elaboration of a response followed by perennial disposals of a stimulation. Pain felt in degenerative arthritis can be accounted for by the presence of ‘silent nociceptors ‘ which in a healthy person are non activated by a stimulation. These receptors can go activated following tissue harm or redness ( Felson, Schaible 2009 ) . This means that for person who is already sing an increased sum of hurting the activation of these receptors enhances the grade of hurting felt. Pain can besides be accounted for by peripheral sensitisation caused by a lessening in the activation threshold of nociceptors and afferent neurones, doing them to go hyper-responsive to both normal and noxious types of motion. If nociceptors are more sensitive to motion this besides contributes to both allodynia and hyperalgesia as motion becomes more painful. Two squads of research scientists Coggeshall ( 1983 ) and his colleagues and Schaible and Schmidt ( 1986 ) illustrated that the injection of china clay and carrageenin could do synovitis ; the redness of the synovial membrane, by take downing the activation threshold of type III and type IV nociceptors in articulatio genus articulations. By take downing the activation threshold they made it easier to excite the nociceptors, increasing the figure of action potencies produced per unit clip for noxious and innocuous stimulations, doing hurting. Decreasing the activation threshold and the activation of soundless receptors together increases the hurting felt by degenerative arthritis patients ( McDougall 2006 ) . This suggests that if it was possible to increase the threshold of nociceptors, hurting signalling would be decreased ; this is an thought for possible interventions in the hereafter. A farther proposal for the hurting felt in degenerative arthritis is an addition in intra-articular force per unit area ; the human articulatio genus contains synovial fluid within the joint. After hurt or on redness ( see Figure 3 ) the plasma membrane of blood vass becomes progressively leaky and allows plasma proteins to go forth the vasculature and come in the intra-articular infinite. This causes a alteration in the starling forces which allows fluid to flux into the joint causation localised hydrops, ‘excessive accretion of fluid in the organic structure tissues ‘ ( Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary 2007 ) . This Results in the puffiness of the joint increasing the intra-articular force per unit area, doing hurting within the joint, due to an addition in unstable energizing nociceptors. Figure 3: Illustration of How a Number of Chemicals and Neuropeptides Work Together to Cause Pain, Inflammation and Joint Degradation. The figure above shows how, Iinterleukin-1 ( IL-1 ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and tumour mortification factor ( TNF ) are illustrations of proinflammatory cytokines and direct the matrix metalloproteinase ( MMPs ) to degrade connective tissue. MMPs degrade the connective tissue that make up joint tissues. The loss of joint infinite that develops in degenerative arthritis is due to the activity of the MMPs. Growth factors ( VEGF ) can besides hold a infective function in Osteoarthritis. VEGF promotes the development of blood vass to let tissue growing. Research suggests that VEGF is involved in degenerative arthritis. Blood vas growing is accompanied by an increased nervus supply taking to increased hurting. The chondrocyte produces inordinate free groups that assist in the devastation of the environing joint tissue. Free groups are non pictured above ( Sharif et al. 2000 ) , ( Image taken from: Bonnet, Walsh redness. 2005 ) . To forestall tissue harm to articulations the organic structure has a protective mechanism to halt over extension or flexure of articulations, the joint senses the possible harm and releases hurting signals which prevent farther motion of the joint. In degenerative arthritis this protective mechanism is hyperactive and hurting is felt when the articulation is moved within the normal scope. Recent grounds suggests that osteoarthritic hurting is therefore ; joint motion creates emphasis on the axolemma of the ‘free ‘ nervus terminations, ensuing in the gap of mechanogated ion channels, the inflow of Na ions causes depolarization within the neurone and consequences in an action potency ( See Figure 2 ) . Mechanoreceptors are located in the Type III and IV sensory nerve nervus fibers, these channels have been discovered in articulatio genus articulation sensory nerves by electrophysiology measurings and supply an penetration into the physiological mechanisms which are respons ible for mechanotransduction in articulations ( McDougall 2006 ) . These receptors cause increased ionic conductance and cellular depolarisation, doing an action potency and the hurting esthesis ( Heppelmann, McDougall 2005 ) . To understand hurting in degenerative arthritis it is of import to set up where the hurting originates ( See Figure 4 ) . Cartilage is aneural and avascular so pain must arise from other constructions of the joint ( Felson 2001 ) . Possibly the subchondral bone, which is extremely innervated with postganglionic neurones, or the periosteum, synovial membrane, ligaments or the nervus capsule, All of which have nociceptors, maintain vascular tone, permeableness and bone homeostasis ( Dray, Read 2007 ) , any harm to these countries could do hurting. When articular gristle re-modelling occurs there is compaction of soft tissue and microfilaments in the subchondral bone. There is besides gush and cramp of musculuss environing the joint which could explicate the beginning of hurting in degenerative arthritis ( Enohumah, Imarengiaye 2008 ) . Figure 4: Diagram to Show Causes of Pain and Pain Transmission in Osteoarthritis. T This figure shows how a figure of factors influence hurting in degenerative arthritis some of these are mechanical factors ( MF ) others involve enzymes and biochemical tracts. The diagram besides shows how some factors could be used to increased gristle grows, a possible intervention for degenerative arthritis. ( Image taken from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fortehealthcare.com/Cartrophen/technical % 20brochure.html ) As mentioned the articulation is made up of a figure of constructions of articulations ( See Figure 1 ) each of which can deteriorate and do hurting during degenerative arthritis ( See Figure 5 ) . First, the subchondrial bone this is a bed of bone below the gristle. During degenerative arthritis blood flow is increased to this country leting subchondrial cysts to develop. This build up of fluid in the bone causes a force per unit area addition, the addition in force per unit area pushes against the bone and activates noticepters which transmit hurting signals. Changes to the capsule and synovial membrane can besides do hurting ; redness occurs which consequences in an increased volume of fluid, increasing the sum of force per unit area on the joint which causes hurting. The sinews and Bursa can go inflamed and cause, tendonitis and bursitis which causes hurting and decreases the scope of motion of the joint. Muscle blowing and failing besides occur which restrict motion, the deficie ncy of willingness to exert can do musculus and ligament wasting which can do hurting ( Enohumah, Imarengiaye 2008 ) . As unexercised musculuss become weak and less able to set about strenuous undertakings this can go on to anyone but is more likely in a patient with degenerative arthritis and although this does non straight do hurting, musculus failing does increase hurting. This diagram illustrates that the joint border lessenings and the synovial fluid volume lessening in patients with degenerative arthritis. The Cartilage besides thins. The decrease in joint infinite, synovial fluid volume and cut gristle causes castanetss to rub against each other on motion doing hurting. ( Image adapted from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mobilitychoices.co.uk/glossarypage.php? uid=46 & A ; start=A ) Figure 5: Comparison of the Anatomical Features of a Joint with Osteoarthritis and a Joint of a Healthy Individual. The softening and cutting of gristle can be seen when imaging a joint with degenerative arthritis as there are cavities, it appears unsmooth, and has lesions in the gristle. This causes the gristle to go prone to splitting. This is a secondary cause of hurting in degenerative arthritis as it can take to interrupt castanetss, soft tissue harm and breaks which in bend all cause hurting signals to be transmitted to the encephalon. The organic structure attempts to mend this harm by originating bone re-growth the growing occurs unevenly and causes hurting. A lessening in the joint border and the decrease in volume of synovial fluid cause bone to rub against bone in an Osteoarthritis patient. In a healthy person this does non happen due to the presence of synovial fluid, leting clash free motion ( See Figure 5 ) . The stiffness of the new gristle makes the joint less able to absorb daze, doing motion painful. Osteoarthritis patients frequently complain of hurting non merely when traveling but besides when resting this can be explained by looking at the redness of articulations frequently associated with degenerative arthritis. When a articulation is inflamed a lessening in the hurting threshold consequences, this means that hurting signals that would usually travel unnoticed are transmitted via nociceptors to the encephalon. This is known as allodynia where hurting is felt for a usually innocuous stimulation ( McDougall 2006 ) such as sitting down or walking and hyperalgesia where increased hurting is experienced during an activity. An account for the disagreements between joint harm seen on X raies and joint hurting could be explained by looking at the two hurting transmittal tracts, the sidelong and medinal systems ( for hurting transmittal See Figure 2 ) . The thalamus and cerebral mantle are the countries of the encephalon that are involved in having and covering with hurting signals. The sidelong system, involves the stimulation of thalamic karyon in the ventral sidelong thalamus. The information is transmitted to the somatosensory cerebral mantle for analysis of location, continuance, strength and vicinity. The median system uses the midplane and intralaminar thalamic karyon to convey urges to different parts of the encephalon including the amygala to do affectional responses, attending and acquisition. The country of the encephalon urges are directed to change the hurting felt. If one system is stronger or more prevailing in some patients than others this could impact the sum and type of hurting felt and the class of intervention ( Hunter 2009 ) . Pain experiences are alone and effected by life experiences and genetic sciences. For illustration, a individual ‘s assurance in their ability to set about a undertaking or motion will specify their success in the undertaking. A patient ‘s inclination to catastrophize, or to do the best of a state of affairs will alter the hurting experience. The more hurting anticipated the more hurting felt ( Hunter 2009 ) . Social factors such as if a patient has a supportive environment, if they are stressed, low in liquors or traveling through an emotionally hard experience affect the sum of hurting felt ( Felson, Schaible 2009 ) . Factors that influence hurting but may non hold a scientific or physiological ground are besides of import indexs for the cause of hurting. Physical activity can increase or diminish pain esthesis. An addition in hurting can be felt when exerting particularly flexing and weight lifting, others feel soft exercising decreases hurting. The footwear a patient wears high heels increase hurting as there is increased emphasis on the articulatio genus articulation, whereas supportive flat places tend to do less hurting ( Hunter 2009 ) . If the patient has a past hurt or an hurt occurs and eventually environmental factors some patient ‘s complain of increased hurting during cold and wet conditions with high force per unit areas than on all right just yearss. No scientific grounds has shown these factors to act upon hurting but many patients do see alterations in hurting that can non be explained by imaging or disease provinces ( Enohumah, Imarengiaye 2008 ) . Pain in degenerative arthritis is n't merely cognitive but there is affectional hurting excessively, this means that many degenerative arthritis patients suffer from depression and anxiousness ( McDougall 2006 ) . This could be due to the deficiency of mobility doing many patients to experience stray. It is hence imperative that the hurting tracts in degenerative arthritis are understood to let the development of effectual interventions to better the quality of life of a patient. Osteoarthritis is characterised by hurting in the articulations on activity which is relieved on remainder, this is episodic hurting. Advanced degenerative arthritis is when hurting can besides be felt at remainder and at dark and is known as chronic hurting. The hurting normally occurs as decreased map of the joint, stiffness or gelling of the joint which is short lived and relieved after inaction. Pain is variable and great differences can be seen in the sensed hurting in patients with similar scans. Pain is transmitted from the site of hurt to the encephalon down specialised neurones know as nociceptors. Nociceptors have a high threshold and hence merely transmit noxious stimulations. Although cartilage re-growth can trip hurting, gristle is avascular and aneurla and therefore research is concentrated on looking at the other construction of the joint that could do hurting. A possible mark for drug action is on the neuropeptides which can heighten the hurting felt by a patient when traveling the joint. Another cause of hurting is ; redness doing a lessening in the hurting threshold and the activation of soundless receptors. A ground for the disagreements between imaging of the joint and the hurting felt could be explained by looking at the two chief tracts of hurting transmittal the sidelong and medinal tracts. These tracts transmit signals to different countries of the encephalon and hence do a different experience of hurting, if these tracts were better understood they could be countries for drug intervention. Pain and redness are linked and hence interventions that relieve the symptoms of the disease may besides better the earnestness of the status. Finally, hurting can besides hold a cognitive cause this is where the patient uses past experiences and the environment to judge the hurting felt. If a patient was more comfy, less stressed, happier and in more agreeable conditions they may see a decrease in hurting despite no alteration in the disease province . This nevertheless is a complex physiological state of affairs and requires more research before it can be used in clinical scenes to cut down hurting. Another possible intervention could be to increase the hurting threshold this would do it harder to originate an action potency and the patient would be able to travel the joint more before hurting was felt. Before advanced and effectual interventions for degenerative arthritis are to be developed it is indispensable that more research on hurting transmittal and causes is undertaken.Word Count: 2,587

Steps to Improve Your Test-Taking Experience

When taking tests it is very important for you to know and understand first, the different kinds of test questions you may encounter and second, how you can help maximize your potential of doing much better by knowing a few simple skills to help you master whatever test you may be faced with. The three most common different kinds of tests include but aren't limited to; matching, multiple choice and essay tests. In the next few body paragraphs you will learn simple skills that will help you understand how to master each test as well as other general information that can assist you when taking any kind of test. During any test, first and foremost you must read the directions very careful. The biggest way to eliminate making careless errors is to fully understand what the questions are asking and to follow all instructions. We will first discuss matching tests and the skills needed to take them. During matching portions of tests it is very easy for a student to become discouraged and distracted because of the level of knowledge it seems to take to answer these test questions. One good thing to remember about matching questions however is that most matching questions are usually broken up sentences, so paying close attention to grammatical clues is key. Also being aware that in most cases a long question is not paired with a long answer. In most cases if the question is long, the answer is short and vice versa. One final helpful hint during matching portions of tests is marking out used answers, this is helpful in eliminating redundancy unless the directions specifically say some answers may be use more than once. Second are multiple choice tests. Multiple choice tests are most common in college courses and require a lot of attention to ensure getting a good grade. Again first, read all directions. If you are unsure about what the test is asking, ask for clarification from the instructor. A good way to begin taking a multiple choice test is to read all of the questions before attempting to answer any questions. Reading through the questions once is a good way to get your mind active and ready to analyze and dissect each question. Once you've read through the questions you are ready to re read the test questions and this time reading all possible answers for each question. Without reading each possible answer and choosing an answer before you know of all that are possible, you are setting yourself up to miss the opportunity to find an answer that may be better than the one you've chosen. When rereading test questions and reading all possible answers it's a good confidence booster to mark â€Å"sure thing† answers first. When you are confidently answering questions you know are true, you are more likely to have more confidence venturing onto questions you may not be sure of yet. After you've marked all of your â€Å"sure thing† answers, you may need to reread the questions and answers a second or third time to review of any questions you may now know the answers to now that you've cycled back once or twice. Only after you've marked all of your â€Å"sure thing† answers will you begin to have to look for clues to answer the remaining questions you are still unsure of. Paying attention to grammatical cues help in many cases as well as divided context (multiple choice questions that may require you to finish a sentence) or differing formats (multiple choice questions that may ask you to identify something that is NOT true, or questions that contain double negatives to confuse the test taker). In cases when you are not sure of an answer and there is an option for â€Å"all of the above†, it is your safest bet to chose this answer. Also when dealing with numbers, such as percentages in statistics, it is usually wise when in doubt to chose the middle term as a possible answer. If you are still unsure of your answer begin by discarding obviously wrong answers first and eliminate answers from there. The third, final and probably hardest test to master is the essay test. Reading and understanding all directions and guidelines is essential, especially in essay tests. In most cases when you first begin an essay test you have many ideas floating around including important facts and/ or possible ideas you want to express in your essay, because essay tests require your undivided attention it's always a good idea to jot down potential ideas you may have so you won't forget them and your mind is free of unnecessary clutter. It's always best to start with the easiest questions first to gain momentum in your test and to jump start your creative thinking process. An important aspect of essay tests is the time limit you are given, It's easy to lose rack of time however not getting you whole essay done or expressing your important points in your essay may be detrimental to the grade of your essay. A good way to ensure you have time to spare is pacing yourself. Another way is to disregard your introduction and/ or conclusion paragraphs a d jump right into the point(s) you are trying to make. Use solid evidence to support your arguments/points and try to avoid personal opinions in you essay. In any kind of test situations, may it be from the ones reviewed above or another, some tips are helpful in every test situation. Making sure your name is on your test may seem like a juvenile point to make but it also shouldn't be the reason for you test to be thrown out or given a failing grade. Understanding an reading all directions is a point that can never be stressed enough as well as understanding the nature of each type of question that is being asked. Starting with the easiest questions and working your way to the hardest is a good way to manage time as well as give yourself the extra boost of confidence needed to shake off the jitters during a test. Never second guess yourself unless you are absolutely sure your second answer is right. Many times when you second guess your first instinct it is out of fear of your test not â€Å"looking right† or out of test anxiety causing you to over analyze your answers. Get clarification if you are unsure about something but be sure to only ask your instructor for clarification, speaking with a classmate can be seen as cheating. Pace yourself to avoid careless mistakes and if you have extra time, use it to double check your answers. By following all of these steps you are sure to have a much more pleasant and relaxing test taking experience.

The New Alternative Craft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The New Alternative Craft - Essay Example ‘Do it yourself’ principle makes creativity worthwhile because of the limitless in boundaries of creation. The uniqueness of each object surpasses boundaries of taste, color and in many times ethnic boundaries. Through this, there is a big opportunity to reach out to more people and sell more. However, critics have come out guns blazing by questioning the intention of the alternative creators and their intentions. This study will demystify the alternative art and design in the context of the chosen examples. There are several avenues which people who have embraced alternative craft use to get their wares to the markets. These include technologically driven aspects of marketing such as the internet, the mass media, and general exhibition stalls. Some of these websites include etsy.com, from where the paper refers the objects of discussion and others such as getcrafty.com that displays hundreds of alternative creative artistic objects. Additionally, there are other avenues like fairs, markets and display exhibitions. The following segments will look at each of these segments and looks at the dynamics which each of the objects operates. This is one of the contemporary craft objects that not only is unique but severely artistic. The woolen knit i-phone case by Natalya has a design of the modern cell-phone handlers but uses a unique material and make to pass a message (Etsy.com, 2013). The maker uses wool and soft wood that does not incorporate any form of joints but through creative enjoinment. Natalya uses this design to pass a statement about fashion, creativity and lifestyle through unique settings. This design is personalized and customized using readily available materials. The main intention of the maker is to use material and design with alternative measure from the usual ‘

International monetary and finance structure Essay

International monetary and finance structure - Essay Example Whereas IPE (international political economics) can be understood as a basic concept, it should not be seen as static. In other words, the interactions between states in the economic realm are continually evolving with a massive level of importance attached to the way in which international interaction, agreement, and discord takes place. Above all, it must be understood that international political economics is just that: international. As such, the fact of the matter is that the agreements, and economic levels of understanding that take place, are not self-contained; instead, they are inherently the work of two or more nations. Naturally, as with any financial agreement or level of cooperation, the interests of the two parties factor heavily in the decisions that are ultimately agreed upon. Within such a level of understanding, the current state of international political economics deals heavily with preferential trade agreements, development of trade blocs, debt administration/cre ation/repayment, and issues pertaining to resources. As can easily be noted, the broad level of impact that IPE has upon the way in which international relations takes place, as well as the impacts that it has on trade itself, is profound and can be attributed to a litany of different decisions and choices that individual states make. Yet, instead of IPE merely being concentric upon monetary or domestic economic interests, it must be understood that international political economics has a massive impact on the way in which certain states within the global system are coerced into participation and action that they would otherwise seek to avoid. Whereas the authors reference the fact that engagement with the global power structure is expected, this level of engagement is not always a positive for nations that choose to interact within the current paradigm of international political economics. In short, the current level of coercion that exists allows for a great power to set a price a nd force a poorer nation to meet this demand, revealing a situation in which the wealthier and more powerful state is the ultimate price maker and the client state is the ultimate price taker. The authors further reference the fact that the mechanism of debt is oftentimes utilized as a means of forcing the will of a particular state or group of states onto a poorer nation. However, beyond trade interaction, the chapter focuses heavily upon the way in which the United States dollar has come to be definitive of the foreign exchange and reserve status. As such, the impact that the dollar has on setting supply and demand ratios and equilibrium point is profound. However, even though this power is profound, the demand for the dollar is not something that is set in stone. Although the United States government necessarily has a great deal of latitude with regard to the amount of dollars that are in global circulation and â€Å"supply,† the demand for these dollars fluctuates based u pon fear or confidence, restricting or expanding the global economy as a function of this faith or fear in the international currency of exchange. The chapter moves on to discuss the ways in which currency speculation allows for the individual member of society to have a profound impact on the way in which monetary policy and levels of value are defined. Whereas the preceding analysis has been focused upon defining international pol

The Rise of Imperial Rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Rise of Imperial Rome - Essay Example Afterwards, more provinces became romanized and integrated they themselves played an increasing role in the empire governing. The people in the new provinces gradually started getting roman citizenship and later the provinces came to form significant minorities in the Rome senate (Jill, 286). However, the citizenships extended always tend to exclude women and slaves. The same time the provinces were be included in the senate, the economic centre of the empire began to move towards the provinces within the Roman Empire from Italy. Trade started expanding and extending to other markets such as Italy and beyond. The trading that went on within the provinces of trading everyday items between those in the empire created a sense of communion. However, a clear defined line between the east and west was still laid down. In the east Greek was spoken as an official language while in the west Latin was the official language at this time. However, through the years Latin remained to be a marker of Romanness. The trading opportunities for Rome Empire were diverse and plentiful. Roman glassware and pottery were traded east. Gold and silver coins were the main form of payment, draining 100 million sesterces every year from the empire. Among the trade that took place in Rome was also slave trade (history.com/topics/ancient-rome). During Augustus reign as many as 35 percent of Italian people were slaves. Therefore Rome was marked as one of the five slave societies in history. Slaves in Rome Empire constituted at least a fifth of the people in the population and played a major role in the economy. History of the rise of imperial Rome Initially, Rome was governed as a republic before it becoming an empire. It had three major elements; the central government, military and provincial government. In the 3rd century BC, Rome had begun taking over provinces. During this time, Sulla and Caesar governed Rome and they had both achieved the rank of absolute ruler, however, their reign was short lived, owing to the crisis that the empire underwent in the 3rd century, which threatened its existence. Fortunately, the situation was stabilized and reunited. This was four centuries before it became the greatest empire. Furthermore, the provinces were administered by former praetors and consuls. The consuls and praetors were elected to one year term and held right of command. Consequently, Rome transitioned from republic to imperial autocracy due to the amassing of misappropriates military power and wealth by some men through their provincial commands and this was a lead factor for the transition. After the transition from a republic to an empire the first empire was Augustus. The first empire Augustus obtained his role as a supreme ruler after defeating Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC, at the battle of Actium. The emperor was the overall authority in decision and policy making and his practical source of power and authority was the military. Augustus rejected titles associa ted with monarchy and otherwise referred to him as princeps which meant the leading citizen. Moreover, in his era, Augustus order to the chaos that almost took 20 years of civil war was finally brought to an end (Duncan, 24). Areas that had been added to the Roman republic needed to be reconstructed as provinces to the empire, therefore Augustus reorganised the provinces such as Asia Minor and Syria, and then held the Parthian empire in check using cunning diplomacy. During the reign

Bearing Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bearing Failure - Essay Example The fan is driven by a large electric motor mounted vertically. These motors have been giving frequent problems due to the failure of the bearing, mounted on the shaft, on the underside of the motor. Repeated failure of these bearings is a cause of concern since it leads to frequent power outages and the attendant maintenance problems. The premature failure of the bearing also leads to damage of the stator, rotor and other parts making this a problem with much larger consequences than just the collapse of a single bearing. Bearings are used to provide smooth and low friction movement between two moving parts; the movement may be rotary, as in this case, or lateral. Bearings have no wearable surfaces and are designed to fatigue after a time. With proper use this time is measured in years and not hours. The usual causes for premature failure of motor bearings are detectable from a close examination of the failed bearing since every different type of reason for failure will leave its own tell-tale signs on the bearing. Detailed examination of several failed bearings was done to determine: The study of the possible causes, collection of information analysis and preparation of report was completed over a period of 50 days. The approximate number of days spent on each activity and the scheduling of work are given in Appendix II attached to this report. Discussion The fishbone diagram A fishbone diagram was drawn to consider all possible causes that may lead to a premature bearing failure. The diagram is enclosed as Appendix-I to this paper. All aspects The four M's: Manpower, Material, Machine and Method The four S's: Suppliers, Surroundings, System and Skills The four P's: Policies, People, Procedures and Place Were considered with care and as a first step the four P's were rejected as not being relevant to this particular situation. The others were combined to form four major reasons Manpower and Skills Material and Suppliers Machine and Surroundings Method and System Every angle of how these could have led to the failure of the bearings was explored and these were eliminated one by one and the root cause of the bearing failure was isolated. The considered opinion of this writer is that the failure resulted from incorrect design and installation of the motors. A different approach was then adopted to determine the exact cause of the bearing failure by examining the engineering aspects of the design, alignment and installation of the motors that caused the bearings to fail. Technical evaluation The motor is

Market Review Exercise Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market Review Exercise - Dissertation Example Service proliferation comes from the increasing number of services offered by the financial in their search for new avenues of revenue generation. The search for new avenues of revenue generation by the financial sector has also resulted in growing competition among the various financial organizations in the financial sector. A key reason for the proliferation of financial services is the trend in favour of government de-regulation or the loosening of the control strings of the government on the financial sector. One of the reasons for the deregulation of the financial sector is for the ordinary citizen to earn more interest on savings and this has resulted in the trend for interest sensitive mix of funds. Developments in the field of information technology are used as tools for sharpening the competitive edge among the players in the financial, and also allow the many new services offered to ride piggyback on technology changes including automation. Effective use of the automation p ut in place requires generation of high volumes of sales, which means increased customer base and as a result the trend in consolidation and global expansion. ... Differences between Building Societies and Banks Building societies are mutual institutions in which a major portion of the having a savings account in the building society or a mortgage from the building society are members and in essence operate in the financial markets as financial services providers for meeting housing finance needs. Banks on the other financial enterprises in many cases hold public investment as stocks on which revenue has to be derived for paying out to the stock holders and so offer a plethora of financial services in the market towards revenue generation. Building societies are not so strongly governed by profit motives and so their services for housing purposes tend to be offered at lower costs; however they have a drawback in that there is a limit of 50% of their funds that they can seek from the wholesale market. However, in the new millennium these differences are getting blurred, because of the cross provision of financial services that has seen building societies indulging in selling insurance, unit trust and other such long term investment products and banks also offering competition in these services (Spencer, 2000). Current Building Society Trends By incorporating as public limited companies, building societies are able to overcome the limitations that they have in access to capital from the financial markets. This has seen the trend among building societies to become public limited companies. Such a move also helps them to overcome the restrictions of the UK Building Societies Act and face the challenge of reduced demand for housing finance. To offset the reduced demand for housing financial services, the trend after incorporation as public limited companies is to move into new areas of financial services

Henry Ford Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Henry Ford - Research Paper Example His deeds towards his workers made him a humanitarian in the eyes of many as he worked towards alleviating the poor from poverty through better pay and working conditions. His consistency and innovative mind ensured the success of his company over the years even after his death in 1947. Henry ford and ford motor company are two names that forever changed the history of human mobility. Ford changed not only the motor vehicle industry but also industrialization in general. Ford was born in 1863 in Greenfield Michigan (Curcio, 2013). His parents were of Irish and Belgian descent. His engineering expertise emerged early in life where by 15 years he was able to repair watches. However, his ingenuity was often cut short by the constant farm duties. Ford, at 16 years, went to Detroit for greener pastures. He undertook a series of jobs both during the day and in the evening. He particularly loved repairing watches and this made him famous and scooped him the much needed supplemental income. Ford left Detroit three years later to work as a steam engine operator. Henry Ford rose from a humble background and followed his interest in machines to become an engineer and later founded Ford Motor Company which he steered to glory through critical and witty decision making and stra tegy formulation and implementation. His enthusiasm and interest in knowing more about such engines saw him acquire a job at Westinghouse to service their engines. He still worked in the farm although this was far away from his passion. By now he had married Clara Bryant and they settled on an expansive piece of land offered by Ford’s father. They were to stay there so far as they used the land for farming activities. Ford seized the opportunity and cut the many trees on the land for commercial purposes. Unfortunately, there were no more trees left and since he disliked farming, he went back to the city. This dislike of farming led him

Turkey's membership of EU Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Turkey's membership of EU - Essay Example This of course leaves the very prominent case of the nation of Turkey. Although not technically a part of â€Å"Europe† proper, Turkey has been highly desirous of EU membership for quite some time now and has been a valuable trading partner as well as maintaining a definitively close political and economic connection with both France and Germany; arguably the two most prominent members of the European Union. Within this context and considering this particular reality, this analysis will seek to discuss some of the major issues that currently serve as an impediment to this taking place as well as analyzing some of the key factors that serve to encourage the inclusion of Turkey as a future member of the European Union. Firstly, from the geographic standpoint, those that argue against Turkish inclusion in the European Union would be quick to point out that 97% of the entire nation of Turkey is not within the continent of Europe (Simpson, 2013). However, as history has noted time and again, Turkey serves as a valuable bridge between Europe and Asia/Mid-East and the inclusion of such a partner would definitively strengthen the ties that these regions could express in terms of trade and economic resilience. Secondly, from the perspective of economics, those that are against Turkish inclusion in the European Union might point to the fact that the GDP of the average Turkish citizen is nearly ? of what the GDP of the average EU citizen enjoys (Jameson, 2013). However, the fact of the matter is that Turkey’s economy has experienced stellar and rapid growth over the past few decades and stands in a very good position to overtake some of the EU’s weaker members in terms of GDP output per citizen within the next several years. Thirdly, from the political standpoint, naysayers would argue that the politics of Turkey are not advanced enough as compared to the mature European style democracies that are invariably evidenced within the other member states of the EU (Hancock, 2012). Although it is true that the nation of Turkey does not have a long history of democratic process as compared to the nations of Europe, it has managed to strike a pluralistic balance between elements of Islamic forces, the military, and a league of social democrats; exhibiting the very epitome of what a democracy should promote – understandings and cooperation between disparate groups of people. Ultimately, if given the chance to decide whether or not Turkey should be admitted into the European Union, it would be the decision of this author that this should indeed take place. The rational for this is nuanced. Firstly, it is clear that Europe has lost a great deal of skilled and unskilled manufacturing jobs over the past several decades to the developing nations in Asia and elsewhere. As a result of this, inclusion of a nation that is currently rapidly industrializing will bolster the overall economic strength that Europe can bring to bear on the intern ational level. Secondly, whereas the population of â€Å"old Europe† has continued to decline, and is on course for even further decline in the future, Turkey’s influx of 140 million people could help remedy the coming collapse of European productivity with regards to gaps in the labor market that are certain to take place. Finally, with regards to the political ramifications of

Sustainability and Waste Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustainability and Waste Management - Assignment Example There are different methods that can be used to extract unwanted solvents, for instance, boiling, grinding or distilling the unwanted solvent with appropriate solvents which are used less frequently. Blending could also be used especially if it is on a large scale and it is a continuous project. According to Limbachiya & London, determination of the method to use for removing the solvent requires that environmental concerns need to be taken care of, in that the method has to be approved by the Environmental Protection Agency. Regarding this, most United States EPA methods list sonification, a method of blending as a valid mode of extraction. This is very vital since using unauthorized methods could lead to penal action. The efficiency and cost of the method also have to be considered, methods like blending work in 10 to 15 minutes while solvent extraction could take up to twenty-four hours. However solvent extraction is much cheaper, therefore, a balance needs to be created in coming up with a method; costs versus efficiency. Light globes if discarded carelessly present a huge hazard to the environment and it is necessary that appropriate mechanisms should be adopted regarding their disposal. It is even better if the light bulbs are recycled to save vast resources. An office can save on its expenditures if it decides to recycle light globes. To develop an efficient recycling program, an office needs to follow the guidelines outlined in the subsequent paragraphs. A lot of research and learning should be carried out regarding recycling programs around the state the office is located that specifically deal with particular items like light globes. Office equipment should also be included as one of the recyclable items in the chosen company in case there is a need to recycle other items as the recycling system grows.

Ad Hope on Identity Essay Example for Free

Ad Hope on Identity Essay Identity, defined as the sense of self, providing sameness and continuity in personality over time and sometimes disturbed in mental illnesses, is a concept frequently explored by Australian poet and essayist Alec Derwent Hope. This is evident in the poems Australia and The Explorers where Hope utilises a number of literary techniques, primarily metaphorical language, to express his understanding of and critiques the nature of identity. Australia is Hopes criticism of Australian society in general and Australia itself. The first five stanzas are spent describing Australia in an extremely negative manner, where Australia is said to be a ‘nation of trees, drab green and desolate grey’, a country that is past the age of celebration. Having lived in both Australia and Europe while on a university scholarship, Hope is able to describe Europe as a ‘lush jungle of modern thought’ and gives us a brief comparison of the two countries. See more: Basic Economic problem of Scarcity Essay Australia revolves around Hopes idea of Australia being too Eurocentric and that Australia should cultivate its own identity rather than mimicking our mother country. This suggests that as individuals, our identities are largely influenced by our parents but instead of simply mirroring them, we should establish our own sense of identity. Hope also describes Australia as ‘a breast still tender but within the womb is dry’, comparing Australia to an older woman who can no longer bare children, implying that externally, we may still seem fruitful and fresh with the opposite being internally. This metaphor of Australia may be referring to the fact that identity does not exist on its own, but as two, as an internal and external identity. The title of the poem ‘The Explorers’ refers to the girls and women journeying through the threatening landscape that is our world. Written in 1939 during a time where women were still seen as weak and inferior to men, Hope further emphasises the fact that both an internal and external identity exists. This can be seen in the poem where Hope writes ‘all those nice young girls, so properly brought up’ showing how on the exterior, women appear to be pure, innocent and polite. This shows how our external identity is shaped and manipulated by society’s expectations and that in order to satisfy these expectations our identities are split into two. The main idea of this poem is how influential and manipulative society can be and is portrayed in this poem as ‘enormous jungles full of eyes and fears’.

Percentage Profit Margins Of A Project Construction Essay

Percentage Profit Margins Of A Project Construction Essay The net price of measured work is the final price taking into consideration all the elements. In other words the net price is the overall and final price, including labour, plant and materials without any profit or overhead allowances which are priced elsewhere in the preliminaries. Overheads need to be taken into consideration when preparing estimates. Overheads are costs you control such as electricity or office rent, usually you will have to recover them because they include admin. Most medium sized construction organisations recover the cost of these each year spread over the turnover of the project, this can be assed as a percentage addition but may fluctuate according to you turnover. Risks are unforeseen set backs in the project, weather disasters are a great example of a risk that might have to be taken into consideration. Preliminaries The preliminary part of a project is the initial section giving a description of the project. Plant, vehicles and tools are all included in the preliminary costs. This includes the costs of buying or maintaining the machinery and tools and also the costs of erecting and maintaining scaffolding on a project. The cost for this is worked out using the surface area of the structure, what material is used in the structure and the length of time the scaffolding is up. Sometimes this can include costs of toilet installation, water and electricity and also the costs of managers, engineers and safety officers Profit Profit is essentially how much money you make. There are different types of profit; net profit, gross profit and operating profit. Gross profit is usually found calculating all sales minus any cost relating to the sales, in other words how much money you make on the sales. Net profit is seen as gross profit minus all overheads and interest. And operating profit which is the profit for the business core business operations excluding profit made from investments and the effects of tax or interest. Estimating methods Estimations are used all the time in everyday life; estimation can give you a rough idea or figure to a sum without finding an exact answer. They come in very handy in many aspects of day to day life without exception to the construction industry. Estimations can help you get a rough Idea of how much salary you have to pay out, how many bricks or how much concrete you want for a project and many other things. There are different types of estimating methods that can be used to do different things. Cost estimation is used regularly to decipher the net costs of many materials you need on site. The estimator will need to estimate the amount of materials needed and the type of materials needed on the project. The two main benefits of cost estimation are firstly that changes can be made in early stages to reduce the overall effect this has on the project time schedule and cost and secondly the more cost information you gather the more you improve the quality of cost data The estimator will also have to include labour costs, so they have to estimate the different types of workers that will be needed to complete the project and also how many of these workers will be needed to ensure the project is completed on time. When calculating labour rates you have to take into consideration numerous different factors such as nation insurance, hourly rates, holiday and sick pay (if it is a lengthy project) and many more. A method for estimating labour costs that has been widely accepted is COEP, the code of estimating practise. As well as this an estimator will usually supply contingency sums. A contingency sum will usually be an amount of money to cover any unforeseen expenses that may arise in the duration of the project, in other words any overheads. Here is a table of the different estimating methods used in the 1930s compared to those used in the modern day. Single rate estimation This is commonly used by health and education services at the inception stage of a project. This is useful when a simple and quick cost range is needed in initial stages of a project. An example of this is knowing it will cost you  £10,000 to build a singular room in an hotel complex and you have a budget of  £100,000, you then have a rough estimate that you can build ten of these rooms. Depending on location and ground conditions it can be difficult to adjust certain project costs. Building volume method This is not widely used anymore but basically consist of working out the volume of the building and using it as a cost yardstick (quote taken form martin brooks estimating and tendering). However some countries are still familiar with building costs expressed as cubic meter prices. Floor area method This is a very popular method as it is quite simple. To create a floor area estimation you have to measure the building at each floor level, not making any deduction for internals, and then using previous construction costs and dividing them by the internal floor area to give you a cost per metre squared. When doing this it is obvious that some additional adjustments will have to be made and a separate assessment has to be carried out for external works. P3 There are many things that can affect the percentage profit margins of a project. First of all overheads and unforeseen disasters can play a massive part in this as money spent on these comes straight out of profit. Although an estimator will usually put a certain amount of money to the side in case of this happening it may sometimes not be enough. Some companies compare aspect of their project with old similar projects to see if they can isolate unforeseens and abnormal costs, by doing this they hope to be able to isolate the problems and find an efficient way around it in an attempt to maximise profit margins. When a cost plan has been made it has to be translated into design criteria so that not only can the design team understand it but also so the client or manager can take charge and ensure that the project is within its cost restraints;. Some companies who pride themselves on being green can reduce their profit margins by following procedures to keep green, paying extra money for correct and efficient recycling and ensuring the materials they buy are sources locally and appropriate for recycle can boost material pricing quite considerably. The output of labour can be affected by numerous different things, first and foremost is once again unforeseen issues. Sickness and injury can severely affect the output of labour as it ultimately leads to workers having time off. Not only this, it can also cost the company as they are still entitled to pay. I personally think the structure and organisation of a project can ultimately lead to the designated output you want from your labourers. For example you dont want an excavator and its driver sat static for half a day because your organisation charts have not made the best use of it as this will technically be wasting money. M On-costs are overheads, they are managed and include wages, electricity, gas or office rent, usually you will have to recover them because they include admin. Most medium sized construction organisations recover the cost of these each year spread over the turnover of the project, this can be assed as a percentage addition but may vary according to your turnover. Overheads are costs that have to be met in order for the head office to run smoothly, company cars, insurance and departmental costs are all included in overhead costing. These costs need to be recovered; therefore a percentage is usually recovered from the additional costs added in the estimate. To get a figure for this percentage you must know the overall value of the companys overheads per year, and also the companys turnover. You divide the overhead costs by the company turnover and times the answer by a hundred to be left with the percentage. This percentage can then be used in future estimates. You are also able to reconcile overheads by recovering them against tendered works. This can be done in a number of different ways. Firstly you can use an increased profit margin to cover the over head costs and not include them, you can also establish the overhead costs/total turnover and add the percentage to the tenders and lastly you can move the head office onto site and recover the costs through the preliminaries. A companys turnover will fluctuate year to year. There are many factors that can affect this, such as risks, work efficiency and contract pricing. Risks can occur all the time, sometimes you can loose money due to these risks and sometimes you can gain money, with risks also comes unforeseens, set backs that can loose you money. Being efficient with you work can save you money, if one year a company was extremely efficient they would make more money than if they were not efficient and wasteful. Lastly pricing can have an affect on turnover too, when it is very competitive times you may have to significantly lower your prices to sign as deal. When a companies turnover drops, they will loose not only profit but also money on the overheads as the turnover will drop in accordance with the percentage. In addition to this if a company turnover rises there will be more than enough money there to cover the overheads and therefore the profit will rise too. In the preliminaries we get fixed and time-related charges we have to consider, the SMM7 guide tells us to identify them separately in the bills of quantities. A fixed charge is for the work of the cost of which is to be considered as independent on duration and a time-related charge is for work the cost of which is to be considered as dependent on duration. There are a number of different items that it is hard to designate to a certain charge, such as a crane on site for two weeks. Most plant charges get divided by the duration to produce monthly repayments. For example; employer accommodation requirements. SMM7 states that if an employer has to use onsite accommodation he must include heating, lighting and maintenance. Here are a few other requirements; Accommodation Dependant on specific requirements, offices, toilets, meeting rooms, laboratories and car parking may be needed. Furniture If none stated, client must be providing his own Transport Inspection of components, transport for staff or consultants plus fuel and maintenance Example; management and staff Choice of management varies, dependant on size, complexity and duration of project. Site manager Required on most sites, amount of staff depends on size and complexity. General foreman Co-ordination and management of labour, plant and labour-only subcontractors. Engineer Services engineer to co-ordinate specialist jobs, analyze methods, and quality control.

Underwater Seal Drainage Tube Management

Underwater Seal Drainage Tube Management Underwater seal drainage tubes (chest tubes) are inserted to drain the pleural cavity (the potential space around the lung) which can contain blood, air or lymph (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). The chest tube is connected to a water-seal plastic container and there is only one-way movement of air and fluid from the pleural cavity. In general, the water-seal container should not be empty or changed unless it is full. The chest tube should not be clamped only if ordered by doctors. For the patient inserted with a chest tube, a trained nurse is responsible for managing the under-water seal drainage system (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). Management is consist of monitoring the position and attachment of chest tube, adjusting the evacuation of the fluid and deciding when to change or empty the containers, and look after patient with the tube and drainage system when transport (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). Nursing students are not supposed to manage the drainage system without supe rvision of a trained nurse. In surgical cases, various drains systems can be used, the management of these drains are different from each others. Wound drainage is a closed-suction drain with a vacuum container and fluid can be drawed from wound. When the vacuum containers are full or loss its vacuum, they are required to be replaced (Deborah, 2010). While the under-water seal drainage is a closed drainage system and the approach of managing it is different. The water-seal chamber allow the air and fluid to escape from the pleural cavity but cannot flow back from reverse direction (Deborah, 2010). In patients with hemothorax (blood in the pleural cavity), pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity), chylothorax (lymph in the pleural cavity), the negative pressure is lost and lung expansion can be restricted (Deborah, 2010). The most important element of ensuring the expansion and deep inspiration of the lung is to maintain the negative pressure in the pleural cavity (Deborah, 2010). Consequently, because of the negative pressure in the pleural cavity, the air might enter to pleural cavity specially when the size of the chest tube is larger than the size of the trachea which can lead to pneumothorax (Deborah, 2010). The water-seal drainage container is usually filled with about 375 ml of sterile water, chest tube is placed under the level of the water, so the air cannot be sucked into the chest, however the water-seal drainage container should always keep below the level of patient’s chest to prevent back flow of the water to the pleural cavity (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). When the chest tubes are inserted for treating pneumothorax, no clamp is excepting and when change the volume of the water in the water-seal container, close monitor is needed as re-expansion pulmonary can occur (Deborah, 2010). If the collapsed lung expands rapidly it can cause damage in the capillary and develop to unilateral pulmonary edema which is called re-expansion pulmonary edema. A specific care pathway for chest-tube insertion and management may be useful (Deborah, 2010). Wound drainage For the post operative patient who has a wound drainage tube, the main nursing goals will be healing promotion and infection control. To successfully achieve these goals, assessment of wound and intervention guidelines will be helpful (Bonnie S., 1992). First maintain the tube in proper position. Extraction still can happen accidentally even the tube is sutured to the skin properly. Apply tape on the tube to stabilize it down to the dressing of skin can contribute to reduction of the risk of extraction. If the tube has enough length, nurse can make a partial loop before taping (for slack) (Bonnie S., 1992). Secondly, the skin around the wound should be assessed regularly (Bonnie S., 1992). Drainage tube usually inserted at the site of surgical incision. If the wound didn’t heal well, infection can be a problem. Assess sites for signs and symptoms of infection which can be redness, swelling, pain and change in vital signs. To assess the drainage every 4 to 8 hours to see sanguineous fluid up to 36 postoperative. Purulent fluid usually indicates infection (Bonnie S., 1992). Thirdly, change the dressing of the site frequently, Depend on the type and amount of the drainage, routinely or frequently change the dressing (using sterile technique) can decrease the risk of infection and maintain a close monitor of skin condition of the drain site and incision site (Bonnie S., 1992). After the tube is saturated and dressing applied, the dressing is suppose to be changed at least every 24 hours. If the doctors ordered to not change the dressing then reinforcement interventions are required to maintain the wound drainage system. Always use separate dressing on the incision and drain site to prevent cross-infection of bacteria (Bonnie S., 1992). Critical analysis form different perspectives Lack of knowledge of professional competency and evidence-based practice can be the factor that affect the first year RN and nursing student to make inadequate clinical decision. In the education field of clinical health professionals, CPD (continuing professional development include a range of education activities to enhance profession competencies and good practice) is one program that has been developed to help clinicians to maintain updated evidence-based practice and theories (Brigitte Jeannette, 2011). CPD has been used for postgraduate nurse and also undergraduate nursing students. The purpose for these activities are to help health professionals to assess their feelings, connect new knowledge with experience and expose value issues (Brigitte Jeannette, 2011). Incident reflection is one of the techniques, however critical analysis can be painful experience sometimes because it might bring discomfort feeling like anger, frustration, grief and guilty ( Rachel, Joanna, Emma, PaulFehmidah, 2010). And participants of CIR (critical incident report) do not always feel supportive on difficult practice situation. A safer and more supportive environment is needed for clinician to discuss about the incident thus improve the understanding of the specific clinical practice and avoid incidents (Rachel etl, 2010). Through out the reported experimentation of small group of occupational therapists, it is found that discussing on current situation and interventions that can still be change will produce less negative feelings and encourage clinicians to transform the advance eve nt into a learning opportunity compare to talk about the past incident and act that cannot be changed (Rachel etl, 2010). A real issue of concern is the best trigger for clarifies meaning in policy and procedure and change in conceptual perspective. Practitioners can take this reflective process to review their knowledge and find out the assumptions for the cause of their specific intervention then improve in the future practice (Rachel etl, 2010).Different from instrumental education, reflective learning is aiming to revise clinicians’ previous knowledge and form a new understanding and commitment to act. Continuously use of reflection on clinical incident is a lifelong learning cycle which can effectively develop a self-evaluation and self-regulation process (Rachel etl, 2010). Another element that can cause the clinical incident is the workplace stress, it can include the inadequate distribution of workload and distressing working environment which involve the unit coordinator and the co-workers on the ward. For professionals who work in the health care field, stress is a significant issue. Datas shows that particular nurses are at high risk for occupational burnout and physical and psychological fatigue (Jacoba, Anja, Ellen, Hugo J., Arnold B.Bert J., 2011). In the study of THOR psychiatrists in UK, health and social welfare professionals are found to be the group with highest incident of work that related to metal unhealthy in 2003-2005 (Jacoba etl, 2011). Manage intervention and stress-related incident can contribute to presence or absence of potential hazards in the work environment. (Jacoba etl, 2011) Management involves plan, administrate and evaluate the risk assessments and intervention. Leadership and the model of management have been constantly reported as the main reason of workplace stress in nursing. There is an association between low management and poor psychological health in clinical nurses, found that low manager support was associated with poor psychological well-being in nurses (Jacoba etl, 2011). Managing workload and resources are often referred than other competency (Jacoba etl, 2011). In specific, managers of the unit need to monitor the workload of the team and individual staff whether the workload is overly high or low. Design reasonable and achievable goals and deadlines (Jacoba etl, 2011). It is the manager’s responsibilities to refuse additional workload for the team members. In one case of a supportive work environment. Staff was interviewed for her feeling about the management. â€Å"She recognises rightly that the work is too much for one person so that was good. Something about her, yes, her caving in and giving me an admin support person when I needed it, made such a difference to my stress levels, it was fantastic (Jacoba etl, 2011).† On the other hand, insufficient management lead to failure in coping with the assigned workload and increasing pressure level (Jacoba etl, 2011). Cause of that can be various including the manager is lack of awareness of pressure level of the team or the manager misinterpret the knowledge level and type of work. Nurses who work in this type of environment always feel busy and stressful and find it difficult to cope with (Jacoba etl, 2011). â€Å"I’ve begun to lie about the amount of work I have. What I’ve discovered is my boss, she doesn’t show it on her face, but I think she becomes quite stressed out herself by hearing how much work I have outstanding (Jacoba etl, 2011).† When the managers are passing the pressure and deadline to the team, the team members will then pass the pressure to others which can be clients and other health professionals or students. In the end the quality of care will declined and the risk of clinical incident can increase (Jacoba etl, 2011). From the customer’s perspective, hospital consistently emphasized on the feedback and complains of the ( Heejung June, 2012). In fact, education for patient about their treatment is essential for preventing clinical incident and building good therapeutic relationship ( Heejung June, 2012). In this clinical incident, if the client was told how the under-water seal drainage system work, the nursing student might be able to be stopped from emptying the under-water seal container The values of complaints is to improving the quality of care and enhancing the process of recovery ( Heejung June, 2012). Customers are given the right of doubting the competence of practice. When it comes to handling complaints, usually there is an adverse event or poor practice, it is not a preventive strategy for clinical incidents ( Heejung June, 2012). Also, customers complaints can be challenge for the contacted nurse and there has poor evidence of how the nurse handle the compliant from clients. An exchange relationship benefit in develop trust with customers over time ( Heejung June, 2012). Customers diagonosis and treatment need to be fully explained and customers should always involved in clinical decision making. The core concept here is emphasizing the benefit of building emotional bonding between patients and nurses ( Heejung June, 2012). Literature has shown the positive connection between health relationship and customer satisfaction. Also, well-built relationship with the customers tend to reduce the rate of failure in practice or adverse event ( Heejung June, 2012). Incident report As I considered, in this scenario, JC and shift coordinator need to be notified with patient’s complaint of SOB and further interventions (like refill and connect the water-seal container ) need to be consulted. During that period of time, patient’s vital signs should be closely monitored. Also the first year RN and the student need to commence incident report. Graduated nurse and student nurse may need to either perform written incident report or telephone incident report. Report incident on telephone, a nurse or student need to be able to identify him/herself, the ward, the client, the presenting issue and patient background information and current assessment ( Sonja, Regula, Bernd, DanielFranziska, 2013). If there have orders been administrated, nurse must identify the order. Beside that, nurse should also consult for managing order in reasonable time frame. This model is called SBAR and has been used for many facility, situation (S), background (B), assessment (A) and recommendation (R) (Sonja etl, 2013). To evaluate the effectiveness of a verbal clinical incident report there are three categories which emphasize on ability for listener to understand and receiving information. Firstly, at the beginning of the report, patient’s problem should be clear described which creating a conscious recognition of patient’s situation (Jacqueline A., 2014). Base on the aware of patient primary issue, the listener can have a better understanding. Secondly, information should be provided in standardize order to enhance efficiency (Jacqueline A., 2014). For example, the patient had two sets of obs done, instead of report it separately, compare it and exhibit the decline or change in patient’s status help listener to process information within minimum time. Thirdly, key factors should be focused in the incident report, thus nursed should avoid descriptive and subjective information (Jacqueline A., 2014). This benefit the health team toward clear diagnosis specially in a emergency situation. For the graduate nurse and student nurse, the ability of effectively communication with the health care team is vital in ensuring patient safety and preventing clinical incidents (Sonja etl, 2013). Expectation for graduate nurse in a clinical incident report is assess critical issue of a patient’s experience and effectively report to health team, unfortunately, graduate nurses and nursing students are rarely preform this skill and receive positive feedback from the health team about the quality of their report (Sonja etl, 2013). Clinical decisions skill is another important expectation of the graduate nurse and nursing student (Sonja etl, 2013). In the dimension of clinical decision-making, clear communication is one of the marking score. Clinical decision making involve other sills like background assessment of the patient, identify the major concern of patient’s current situation. Head to toe assessment and ability to provide appropriate recommendations for current situation (Sonja etl, 2013).

Theory of Sign Essay -- Communication, Signs

To understand how sign functions, semiosis, Morris proposes four elements: Sign vehicle (S), Designatum (D), and Interpretant and interpreter (I). "The mediators are sign vehicles; the taking-account-of are interpretants; the agents of the process are interpreters; what is taken account of are designata" (Morris, 19). Those elements of semiosis become the foundation of branches of linguistics and basic elements of language. The branches of linguistics are semantics is the study of sign in its relation to designatum, pragmatics the study of sign in relation to interpreter, and syntactics the study of sign in relation to other signs. Since language, according to Morris, is â€Å"a system of interconnected signs,† a language must consist of the four elements as he implies in his formula: L= Lsyn + Lsem + Lp (see Morris, 25). However, we might observe that Morris’s definition of language apparently falls into the category of syntactical element. Another objection might be is that by extending the four semiosis elements into linguistics and language, Morris’s definition of sign will be problematic since all objects that are symbolically and linguistically associated with other objects are defined as signs. Therefore one might observe the discrepancy of his definition of sign with examples that he proposes as Lesse demonstrates (see article). Since this paper is aimed at demonstrating my understanding on Morris’ theory of sign, I will describe the problematic aspects of Morris’s arguments if they becomes obstacles for me understand his theory. Morris argues that the object of semiotic does not deal with particular object, but association of four of them, therefore sign is characterized as: â€Å"S is a sign of D for I to the degree that I take... ...tures of particular objects that universal signs refer to -- as a formalist-behaviorist, Morris is unconcerned with mental images since they do not emerge in the relational properties of sign. Describing signs functions in semantic context and universal sign in syntactical context. In contrast, indexical signs are located in syntax; unless we understand that to be meaningful the act of directionality must contain an object, then they are in the realm of semantics. All syntactical relations of signs are subjected to rules. Morris proposes two rules: formation and transformation. Formation rules govern formation of kernel sentences, and transformation rules derivative sentences (Morris, 29). Based on the syntactical rules, Morris suggests the object of syntax is syntactical relations between signs: â€Å"[the relations] determined by syntactical rules† (Morris, 29).

Death of a Salesman :: essays papers

Death of a Salesman Ben as a Minor Character Who Develops the Play In Arthur Miller’s, Death of a Salesman, the character of Ben is used as a catalyst to fuel the development of the main character, Willy. Ben appears in three major flashbacks throughout the story. In the first flashback, Ben makes his appearance to give Willy happiness because to Willy, money means happiness. The second time Ben appears, he is used as a scapegoat to show that Willy has a hard time dealing with the truth. The third and final time that Ben appears is in Willy’s hallucination to help him decide on whether or not he should commit suicide. Through a comparison and understanding of each of these occurrences, the reader is able to gain vast knowledge of who Willy Loman actually is. These flashbacks and hallucinations show how Ben’s character is used as a device to allow the reader to understand what is actually going on inside Willy Loman’s mind. The first time Ben appears is in a flashback within Willy’s mind. This flashback is used as an interruption of Willy’s feelings of inadequacy about his present situation. Willy has returned home from a selling trip, unable to concentrate and unable to keep his mind in the present. Ben appears as an archetype for Willy’s inability to face the truth, a way for him to forget about his present condition and feelings. This flashback with Ben provides the reader with a large amount of information about him, and, thus, about Willy. The reader first learns that Ben is much wealthier then Willy, and, while they are brothers, they did not grow up together. The reader also learns through the flashback that Willy idolizes Ben, though they have never been close. Willy comments, â€Å"Ben! I’ve been waiting for you so long! What’s the answer? How did you do it?† obviously showing Ben has achieved what Willy wishes. The reader realizes that Ben h as made a fortune by â€Å"walking into Africa†. He has prospered by essentially using other people for what they can give him. â€Å"When I was seventeen I walked into the jungle, and when I was twenty-one I walked out. And by god I was rich† . The reader learns about the character of Willy because he completely believes that this is an excellent way to make money.

Montessori Practical Life Essay

In this essay I will be discussing the importance and different aspects of the practical life area in a Montessori classroom. Children are naturally interested in activities they have witnessed, therefore Doctor Maria Montessori began using what she called â€Å"practical life exercises† to allow the child to do activities of daily life and therefore adapt themselves in their society. Doctor Maria Montessori developed her philosophy of education based upon actual observations of children; she observed that children prefer work rather than play. It is through work that children obtain independence, order, concentration and normalization. Practical life exercises are recognized to be the heart of Montessori education. In the first six years a child becomes a full member of his or her particular culture and family group absorbing language, attitudes, manners and values of those in which he or she comes into daily contact with. Children feel comfortable and safe when they find a s ecure and lovable environment, a child develops best if they are in an environment full of affection, love, caring and support. Doctor Maria Montessori in the Absorbent Mind writes â€Å"the hands are instruments of man’s intelligence†. It is only through the practice of movement that a child can learn and develop, for this reason Doctor Maria Montessori decided to incorporate the area of practical life into her classroom as this is where the practice begins (mymontessorimoments). Through the exercises of practical life the child learns to adapt to his or her environment, learns self-control, sees themselves as part of a society and most importantly grow intellectually  through working with his or her hands and master the skills needed for his or her future. â€Å"Watching a child makes it obvious that the development of his mind comes through his movements† (Montessori, 1995). There are many links between the home and the school in the area of practical life. It is the first area introduced to the child in the classroom. Maria Montessori stated â€Å"Children feel a special interest for those things already rendered to them in the earlier period† (Montessori, 1995). The activities in the classroom are familiar to the child as many of them are done at home. The child can therefore settle in easily and master the skills with confidence while learning co-ordination of movement and relate back to past experiences at home (www.montmet.co.za). In an ideal situation practical life would be located near the entrance to the classroom, as a link between home and school as well as a foundation for the curriculum. The area should be attractive containing flowers, paintings, vases etc to draw the child to the practical life area. The area of practical life assists in the growth and development of the child’s intellect and concentration and will also help the child develop an orderly way of thinking (www.sevencounties.org). Practical life sparks respect and love for any work, helps the child to perform the activities of daily life with joy, skill, and grace through which he or she is aiming for perfection. Exercises in practical life are just that, they are exercises so the child can learn how to do living activities in a purposeful way. The purpose and aim of practical life is to help the child gain control in the coordination of his or her movement, and help the child to gain independence and adapt to his or her surroundings. It is therefore important to â€Å"Teach teaching, not correcting† (quotes/Maria_Montessori) â€Å"No one can be free unless he is independent. Therefore, the first active manifestation of the child’s individual liberty must be so guided that through the activity he may arrive at independence† (quotes/Maria_Montessori). Practical life helps the child gain control of his or her movement particularly the development of the hand`s coordination. The fine muscles coordination is linked to the child`s conceptual development. As Doctor Maria Montessori quoted †The human hand allows the mind to reveal itself (quotes/Maria_Montessori). Practical life activities help the child to gain independence and enable the child to associate his or  her own physical, psychic, and moral needs. The practical life area contains an orderly arrangement of exercises involving familiar objects and the activities of daily life. These will be things that the children have already seen their parents or family members doing that the child wishes to imitate. For example: pouring, spooning, various cleaning exercises and others. The exercises are ordered, with earlier exercises providing a foundation and all the skills needed for the more advanced activities to follow. The organisation of the area helps children feel secure, familiarize themselves in the classroom, and develop the inner order necessary for clear and rational thought. Practical life exercises fall under four basic categories: care of the person, care of the environment, analysis of movement and grace and courtesy. Grace and courtesy provides the child with the absolute basics such as rolling out a mat, sitting on a chair, and how to ask the directress for assistance while busy with another child. This foundation provides the skills in order for the child to participate in classroom life and complete each activity. Analysis of movement promotes a sense of accomplishment and self-esteem through activities that are real, precise, and practical such as spooning or pouring which encourages motor skills. Care of the person includes skills necessary for dressing independently such as zipping, buttoning, and tying. The dressing frames in the classroom provide the child the opportunity to practice these skills, the children are also encouraged to try zip, button or tie their own coats shoes etc. Care of the environment includes teaching responsibility of the world around them. The children scrub chairs, wash dishes, care for plants and help feed the animals if there are any in their environment. â€Å"Therefore, the first active manifestations of the child’s individual liberty must be so guided that through this activity he may arrive at independence† (Montessori, The advanced Montessori Method, 2010).Montessori learning environments are prepared to allow children to be socially and intellectually independent. Montessori learning materials are designed to capture the child’s interest and attention and to encourage independent use. When children work with the Montessori materials, they perfect their movements as well prepare themselves for learning educational knowledge. All exercises reflect the environment in which the child lives, all activities  use real tools and are physically proportioned in order to help the children develop their motor skills and perfect precise movements. All Montessori equipment is attractive as experiencing beauty lays the foundation of self-appreciation. All children want to be independent, as adults we become used to doing everything for them, it is hard to let go of control. But, we need to feed their desire for independence. Children learn important life skills as they handle materials in practical life. Even more important is the confidence that the child gains when he or she achieves a new goal. â€Å"Help me to do it by myself† (Montessori, Secret ofChildhood, 1996). Maria Montessori believed in educating the whole being and not just the intelligence of a child. Before the start of western education and the school system as we know it today, all children actually learnt from birth to adulthood were these same practical life activities, and this was more or less all they needed to function well in their society. The responsibility of the parent is to help the child learn about the environment, community and society they live in so that the child can grow up into a fully functional member of the community (MontessoriStudents). It is therefore important that children learn how to not only dress themselves but also how to keep their surroundings clean, how to cook and how to behave and interact with others around them. So often today you find young parents are too busy to spend adequate time with their children in order to teach them basic life skills, instead you find young parents more concerned on their child’s academic performance. The Montessori curriculum can make up for this shortfall that unfortunately occurs due to our busy lifestyles. Montessori education can ensure that the child is given the right aids to life through the practical life exercises. Bibliography (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2014, from www.montmet.co.za: http://www.montmet.co.za/ (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2014, from www.sevencounties.org: http://sevencounties.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=7923&cn=28 DevelopmentalStages/Cognitive-Development. (n.d.). Retrieved 03 05, 2014, from www.aboutkidshealth.ca: http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HealthAZ/DevelopmentalStages/SchoolAgeChildren/Pages/Cognitive-Development.aspx DevelopmentalStages/Social-and-Emotional-Development. (n.d.). Retrieved 03 04, 2014, from http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca: http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HealthAZ/DevelopmentalStages/SchoolAgeChildren/Pages/Social-and-Emotional-Development.aspx maria_montessori. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2014, from www.brainyquote.com: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/maria_montessori.html (1995). Montessori. (1995). In M. Montessori. (1995). Absorbent mind. In M. Montessori, Absorbent mind. Henry Holt and company. (1995). The absorbent mind. In M. Montessori, The absorbent mind. Henry Holt and company. (1996). Secret ofChildhood. In M. Montessori, Secret of childhood. New York: Ballantine Books. (2010). The advanced Montessori Method. In M. Montessori, Spontaneous activity in education (p. 118). Amsterdam: Montessori-Pierson publishing company. MontessoriStudents. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2014, from www.static.squarespace.com: http://static.squarespace.com/MontessoriStudents.jpg mymontessorimoments. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2014, from www.mymontessorimoments.files.wordpress.com: http://mymontessorimoments.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/img_7100_2.jpg quotes/Maria_Montessori. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2014, from www.goodreads.com: http://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/34106.Maria_Montessori