Freeman vs. Friedman - 1866 Words

Freeman vs. Friedman In their theories of how a business should operate, R. Edward Freeman and Milton Friedman hold virtually opposite beliefs as to what businesses’ responsibilities should be. In favor of the Stakeholder theory, Freeman believes that any person or organization that has a â€Å"stake† in the business should also play a role of participation in the business’s actions and decisions. In the other corner of the ring stands Milton Friedman, who holds the belief that said business is only responsible for those that actually own stock in the business – the owners, or stockholders. A strong believer in his reconceptualized Stakeholder Theory of the Modern Corporation, R. Edward Freeman believes the key to success in business is†¦show more content†¦Nowadays, after the passing of several bills constraining the actions of corporations, acting in a similar manner would pose several legal and ethical issues. This is why, Freeman argues, t his ancient idea of managerial capitalism is no longer effective. After bashing the old idea of managerial capitalism, Freeman starts explaining why his reconceptualized stakeholder concept is much more logical. Freeman modestly articulates a stakeholder theory using the â€Å"narrow definition† of a stakeholder, which includes those who are vital to the success and survival of a corporation. Specifically, these stakeholders include owners, management, suppliers, employees, customers, and the local community. As well as being directly connected with the corporation, Freeman argues that the stakeholders are also interconnected with each other as well, and that each stakeholder is vital to the survival of the corporation, and vice versa. Employees rely on the business to give them a paycheck; the business provides their livelihood. Employees return the favor because they run the business on a day to day basis. Suppliers are vital to the firm’s success because the q uality of the raw materials purchased will determine the quality and price of the final good produced by the firm. As a result, the firm is a customer of their supplier, and is therefore vital to their supplier’s success. The next stakeholder, customers,Show MoreRelatedFriedman vs Freeman1925 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper will have a detailed discussion on the shareholder theory of Milton Friedman and the stakeholder theory of Edward Freeman. Friedman argued that â€Å"neo-classical economic theory suggests that the purpose of the organisations is to make profits in their accountability to themselves and their shareholders and that only by doing so can business contribute to wealth for itself and society at large†. On the other hand, the theory of stakeholder suggests that the managers of an organisation doRead MoreEssay on Friedman vs Freeman827 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Stakeholder† theory of management, two different views about the purpose and aims of a business. Milton Friedman’s shareholder theory of management says that the purpose of a business is to make money for the owner or the stockholders of the business. Friedman says that there is only one social responsibility for the business: to use its resources in order to increase its profits as long as the business stats within the rules that are assigned, as for example to compete in free competition and withoutRead MoreAssignment Sheet : An Assignment Cover Sheet1395 Words   |  6 Pagesanywhere around the world. It’s also known that a virtual setting is more favorable to an office setting. The virtual setting also benefits a company financially as they don’t have to spend money on physical locations and transportation. (Virtual Teams vs Traditional Teams., n.d.) There is also a sense of comfort for the employees as with a virtual setting. the employees are allowed to work from home and get away from the traditional office setting. The virtual setting is overall re warding as it setsRead MoreThe First Level Of The Pyramid1491 Words   |  6 PagesLimitations of the Pyramid Shareholders vs. Stakeholders Approach One of the key objectives of business has been to create profit for shareholders, but as CSR became more widespread it has been supported that companies have responsibility to stakeholders, which lead changes in many companies’ approach to conduct business. The two prevailing approaches are the shareholder and stakeholder approach, which are going to be examined below. Shareholder Approach In 1970 Friedman wrote the much-cited article inRead More Corporate Social Responsibility Essay2477 Words   |  10 Pagesinvestigate some of the classical theories of CSR and its contribution to profit maximisation. Finally, some specific arguments that state that the introduction of social responsibility is not a good idea and how it has failed to create the ?good society? (Friedman 1970: 122-126) will be discussed. Corporate social responsibility has undergone a definitional evolution over the past half century but has always and will always remain an essential part of business language. Definitions of CSR have became moreRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility2536 Words   |  11 Pagesinvestigate some of the classical theories of CSR and its contribution to profit maximisation. Finally, some specific arguments that state that the introduction of social responsibility is not a good idea and how it has failed to create the ‘good society (Friedman 1970: 122-126) will be discussed. Corporate social responsibility has undergone a definitional evolution over the past half century but has always and will always remain an essential part of business language. Definitions of CSR have became moreRead MoreManagerial Stakeholder Theory - Essay2991 Words   |  12 Pagesresponsibilities of the companies (Crane amp; Ruebottom 2011). This is how the concept of solicited corporate social disclosure comes into existence. Due to this confusion around disclosure principles we have a big area of research. According to Freeman the definition of Stakeholder is â€Å"any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization.† Shareholders also come under stakeholders group as they are the important part of the organization. Shareholders are alsoRead MoreCompeting Models Of Corporate Governance1398 Words   |  6 Pagesshareholder method offers stronger protection for investors and shareholder democracy. [Solommon,2007] http://www.todayscience.org/JBM/article/jbm.v1i1p52.pdf http://leg.u-bourgogne.fr/wp/1041202.pdf http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-shareholders-vs-stakeholders-debate/ Corporate governance theories There are various types of corporate governance theories. For the purpose of this discussion several theories have been reviewed. Agency theory Corporate governance has reviewedRead MoreThe High Demand Of Internet2847 Words   |  12 Pagesby business which focus only on maximizing shareholder wealth. Friedman (1970) strongly argues about maximizing the financial return for shareholder. However stakeholder theory is theory that saying managers have a moral obligation to balance and consider the interests of all stakeholders, the individuals that the actions and results of an organization will being affected by or will give effect to are called as stakeholders (Freeman, 1984). Stakeholder theory actually showing that stakeholders areRead More2074 Final Notes Essay6510 Words   |  27 Pagesa person’s life is valuable only inasmuch as it is a source of happiness. / You are not important to a utilitarian, only the happiness you experience is significant. John Locke-Second Treatise of Human Government Locke on Friedman: Locke does not believe Friedman is correct when he states the market is self regulating. / Without government intervention, there will be too much inequality in the market. / We need the government to redistribute the wealth. Natural Rights: Property, life, liberty

The Media s Influence On The Society - 987 Words

The media immensely affects how issues are perceived in the society. To constantine the cultural set up is, in actuality, to dismiss the world as seems to be, and rather to demand twisting it to people’s inclinations, as though authority and predominance were outmodelled. The act of technological metamorphosis in culture is due to the media and its uses in our daily lives. Every conventional society comprehended the unprecedented change and viewed affliction as securely attached from, and vital to, the postulation of independent people.The media directs the political structure, the modes of business operation, the dressing code and even the behavior of different industries. The Hugo Boss fragrance advert is for a new product called Woman that the company is adding to their line of scents. Note that the choice of the commercial outlet and the period of the advert placement is significant. During this period of the year, The New York Magazine had the greatest month for online traffic sales in the organization s history. A record of 27 million monthly unique guests scanned the magazines web properties, and another 15 million printed copies were sold (Grabowicz 21). Among New York s verticals, the most looked at sections were the Vulture section, culture and entertainment site, and the Cut out covering style fashion and lifestyle. Furthermore, most of the female celebrities were interested using and experiencing the feel of â€Å"woman.† Each was representing 9 million guestsShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On Society1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe media s the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that s power. Because they control the minds of the masses† (Ruddy, 2002). Malcolm X, a prominent African American human rights activist, strongly believed that the media played a vital role in how they make society perceive events and people. An issue that is present, historically and currently, is media contributing to racism. When news is reported involvingRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1454 Words   |  6 PagesThe Media’s Chokehold The media s influence on society is suffocating and undeniable. Body image has become overwhelmingly present in most media today. The front cover of a magazine may critically exclaim â€Å"so-and-so has cellulite† or â€Å"so and so is too thin†. Popular reality stars like Nicole Polizzi (otherwise known as â€Å"Snooki†) have been criticized for being to large and then criticized for being too thin after dropping the weight. The media teaches people to be unsatisfied with their bodiesRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1269 Words   |  6 Pages The media is full of countless things, it has completely changed the world and is now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is impossible to live without the media today. Along with it being persuasive, informational and a great source for entertainment it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240) and though someRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe media are full of countless things, they have completely changed the world we live in and are now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is almost impossible to live without the media. Along with it being persuasive, informative and a great source for entertainment, it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240)Read MoreMedia s Influence On Society1293 Words   |  6 PagesMedia is a major contributor of how social groups are perceived in today’s society. Mediais around us every day almost all day, and it constantly sends messages about the world’s environment. There are many indicators shown pertaining to how media really af fects society. One of the most prominent explanations of those questions is the way media influences stereotypes. There has been previous research linking media sources and biased attitudes. This research paper explores articles supporting mediaRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagescapitalist society the United States has developed a media centered culture. Society has been influenced tremendously by mass media it seems as if it has become a necessity in life. Nine DVDs worth of data per person every day is the amount of all media delivered to consumers whether it be visual or auditorial on a daily basis. As consumers and technology develop that number will continue to increase because of the multi-tasking abilities that will be created (Zverina 13). The hold media has on societyRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1654 Words   |  7 PagesMass media is perhaps the most powerful tool in the world for creating, changing or perpetuating societyâ⠂¬â„¢s ideas about an issue or group of people. It works both blatantly and subconsciously by deciding which issues are important, how to frame those issues, who to show as affected by them, and, increasingly, providing personal commentaries on the matters at hand. Because the majority of media outlets are owned by corporations dominated by white heterosexual men, many minorities are portrayed in waysRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1475 Words   |  6 PagesMass media has affected our view as a society on social class and what defines one’s social class. Throughout this article called â€Å"Making Class Invisible† by Gregory Mantsios, we evaluate the influence media has on our society and as Mr. Mantsios states how â€Å"media plays a key role in defining our cultural tastes, helping us locate ourselves in history, establishing our national identity, and ascertaining the range of national and social possibilities† (para. 1). Our social class determines wh atRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1560 Words   |  7 Pagesare. How many times have we heard this, yet we live in a society that appears to contradict this very idea. If looks don’t matter then why do women and girls live in a society where their bodies define who they are? If looks don t matter then why is airbrushing used by the media to hide any flaws a person has? What exactly is causing this, why do we feel like we are just not beautiful the way we are? Its the media. It’s because the media promotes a certain body image as being beautiful, and it’sRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1416 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The media s the most powerful entity on Earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that s power. Because they control the minds of the [people]† (Malcolm X). The message of this Malcolm X quote is that society can control the mind of the individual. This is true. For many years, society has influenced everyone worldwide both negatively and positively. That is because society has the ability to control the individual’s decisions. They can control

Art history formal analysis Renoir luncheon Essay Example For Students

Art history formal analysis Renoir luncheon Essay Year or Time Period Completed: 1881 4. Medium/Technique/Process used: Oil on Canvas 5. Size: 51 ex. in. 6. Where Produced: The balcony of the Mansion Fairness, Chateau, France and nearby studio of Augusta Renoir. 7. Where located/housed: Phillips Memorial Gallery, Washington, DC. Part Ill Objective Description of the Art Objects Subject Matter: The subject matter of the painting consists of a group of people assembled on an outside deck that has a wooden railing and a red and white striped canopy. The deck is surrounded by marsh grass and some trees with a river visible beyond them. Upon he river a few boats can be seen, one of them a sailboat. In the immediate foreground theres a square table with a white tablecloth on which rests several empty wine glasses with apparent red wine residue. A few plates are also visible with fluted glasses upon them, discarded morsels of food and silverware can also be seen. A centerpiece dish of fruit composed of Grapes and pears is flanked by several bottles of red wine. A few discarded white cloth napkins have been casually cast among the dishes. Seated to the left of center at the table in the foreground is a young woman wearing straw hat with a red flowered hat band. She wears a fine black dress with white lace edging at the neck and cuts, a dark red scars draped over neck and down the front of the dress. She wears a black choker around her neck. Shes holding a small brown furred dog close to her face from under its forelegs the dog sits upright upon the table facing her. Behind her to the left standing and leaning with his backside against the wooden railing of the deck, his right arm gripping the railing stands a large man, his face in profile as he looks to the right and slightly back. He wears a dome shaped straw hat with the brim curved upwards its edge trimmed in blue. He has close cropped reddish brown hair and has a full beard and mustache of the same color. He wears a white tank top shirt and white pants. To his right along the railing several feet behind the foreground table stands a woman bent forward, her left arm and right elbow resting upon the railing as she faces the table. She wears a straw hat with a blue hat band the brim curved down. Her dresses is off white and trimmed in red that the neck and cuffs. Facing her with his back to the table sits a man wearing a brown suit and a brown and bowler hat. Behind the woman at the railing at the far left corner of the deck facing forward stands a man rearing a brown Jacket with a light blue shirt wearing a cap. Facing him standing with his back to the viewer facing left is a man wearing a black overcoat and a black top hat with a beard. In the right foreground seated facing the table on a wooden chair that is turned backward is a man who looks left toward the railing of the deck, his face in profile. He faces the woman seated opposite him who holds the dog. He is wearing a straw hat with a flat top and black hatband its brim turned up at the back. He has brown hair and a light brown short mustache. He wears a white tank top shirt ND dark colored pants. His arms rest forward on the reversed chair back; in his right hand he holds a cigarette. To his right seated at the table is a woman wearing a white brimless hat with a few blue stripes. Her dress is blue with white ruffles trimmed in red at the neck and white cuffs. Her hair is brown a small round earring can be seen hanging from her right ear as she looks up and to the right. Standing behind her over her left shoulder is a man wearing a cream colored Jacket with wispy blue stripes. He wears a white shirt and a black cravat. His hair falls over his forehead and is reddish brown. He has a small mustache and a goatee beard. He is leaning over the womans shoulder with his hand resting on the back of her chair, looking down at her. Behind him in the background over his left shoulder is a woman standing facing left, with black gloved hands raised to the sides of her face. She wears an ornate black hat with feathers and a black dress. Standing next to her with his arm around her is a man with a straw hat with a red hat band, wearing a red and white striped shirt. He faces forward looking at her intently. To his right stands another man facing the woman he has his arm around. This man has a full beard ND wears a black hat. Behind him seated at the back table is a woman in a flowered straw hat who is drinking from a glass, she looks directly out of the picture plane past the table in the foreground at the viewer. A man seated to her left is barely visible in profile and past the shoulder of the man in the cream colored Jacket. The entire scene is brightly lit with ambient light from the open sides of the porch the majority of which were enters from the front left of the picture plane. The white tablecloth on the table in the foreground glows with reflected light and the glasses and bottles on he table twinkle in the light. Part IV Examination to the Art Objects Medium/Technique/Process Used The medium used is this painting by Renoir is oil on canvas. The work was painted en plain air (outside) utilizing the all prima (wet on wet) technique and also the classical layering technique of oil painting employed by the old masters. In these processes the first step would require the preparation of a surface on which to apply the oil paint. A linen canvas would be stretched around a wooden frame and tacked into place. The surface of the canvas would then be protected from the acidic ululates of the oil paint by applying layers of rabbit skin glue and chalk known as a ground. Next a primer of white lead paint or glue mixed with chalk geese is added to provide a base layer for the painting. A rough outline of the scene would then be sketched onto the canvas as a guide for painting. Next the creation of a palette from which to paint from would require selecting the proper pigments. (Stalked pig. 234) For the portions of this work that were painted en plain air in the all prima technique in the Impressionist style such as the tableware in the foreground Renoir would have used portable tubes of pigmented mint. Other portions that were executed in his studio employed classical oil painting techniques of layering colors and then glazing which creates a lustrous glow and provides the three dimensional quality of modeling. This technique is evident in the modeling of the forearm and the hand holding the cigarette of the man seated at the table in the right foreground. Colors would then be applied to their proper regions according to the sketch starting with the darkest and ending with the lightest, a mosaic upon which the details and highlights could then be painted. Finally upon implosion the painting would be sealed with a varnish to protect its surface. (Sanders pig. 11) Part V Examination of the Art Objects Composition (its Form Organization): 1 . Identify and describe a specific incidence of composition from the list found below: A. Line: Renoir uses a sharp clean line to define the arm of the man seated at the table in the right foreground. The precise outline of the arm adds to the contrast of color between the arm and the mans white shirt, the white tablecloth, and chair adding perceived depth to the shape of the arm. In contrast Rennins use of line in creating he marsh grasses outside the balcony is loose and diffused, giving the grass a perceived movement and depth. Analysis of Prokofiev Sonata No 7 EssayTechnological advances that were made during the mid sasss in France include the invention and patenting of the modern sewing machine in 1830, the invention of a wire nail making machine 1834, the invention of the Daguerreotype photo process 1839 and the invention of the first lead acid rechargeable battery by Gaston Planet 1859. Scientific advances made during this time include the discovery of the photoelectric effect by Alexander Becquerel 1839, discovery of the rate of rotation of the earth by Leon Faculty 1851, and Louis Pastures processes of bastardization and vaccinations. Other achievements include the architectural feats of constructing the Eiffel Tower and the Suez Canal (Timeliness France 1796-1920) In the mid sasss Paris was the creative cultural Hub of Europe, and Artists and writers converged on the city looking to gain acknowledgment of their work. Many of these artists lived in poverty in a section of Paris known as the Latin Quarter, here they extolled the virtues of writing and painting the world as they saw it rejecting traditional themes and motifs, they called themselves Bohemians. Significant works of writers of the time include Victor Hugs Less Miserables, Alexander Dumas Jar. La Dame auk Camellias, and the comedies of Gustavo Flatter of which Madame Ovary enjoyed great popularity. A new style of painting known as impressionism was adopted by several artists during the mid sasss who strove to create art that was closer to life and free from past traditions, most notably Detoured Meant, Jean-Claude Monet and August Renoir. The work of the Impressionists were generally rejected by the mainstream art salons and art critics of the time who reflected the bourgeois idea that art should represent the virtues and ideologies of the ruling class or recount important moments in history (Marinara pig. 23 Part VII The art objects auto/biographical data of the artist/school. Born February 25 1841, in Lingoes, France died December 3 1919, Cannes, France Pierre Augusta Renoir was raised by a working class family in Paris. His parents recognizing he had artistic talent apprenticed him to work in a porcelain factory age 13 painting flowers on plates. Realizing he should stu dy painting to fully realize his talent, he began painting lessons under the tutelage of Charles Gallery as well as taking courses in anatomy and drawing. During this time Renoir met Claude Monet and they became good friends. Together with Alfred Sisley and Edgar Degas these artists formed a new group of painters known as the Impressionists, who depicted scenes of everyday Parisian life in expressive style that concentrated on the effects of natural light and how it altered the appearance of their subjects. The impressionists generally worked outdoors viewing their subjects directly as they minted utilizing the process of all prima with oil paints. The impressionists new style of painting was generally rejected by the mainstream art gallery the Juries of the Salon and finding profitable work was difficult, but Rennins affinity for painting the human form gained him several commissions for portraits and this work gave him exposure and recognition by middle class society. Honing his craft Renoir began using more expressive brush strokes in his paintings which increasingly emphasized the everyday pleasures of Parisian life. Several of his most important works were employed during this time most notably La Loge 1874, Dance at El Million De La Galatea 1876, and The Luncheon of the Boating Party 1881. Gaining wider acceptance of his work, and his finances no longer a problem Renoir was married in 1890 to Alien Chariot. In his later years Renoir was plagued by rheumatism forcing him to seek better climate in Southern France where he eventually purchased the estate of Less Toilettes in Cannes, Preface in 1907. Here he spent the remainder of his life. Despite the debilitating arthritis which deprived him of the use of his fingers and legs Renoir continued to paint by securing his paint rush to his hand. The subjects for his Paintings during this period consisted of his wife and children as well as his maid, and still lifes of flowers and fruits from his garden. (Cognizant/Hutchinson pig. 32) Rennins love of painting contemporary working class men and women at leisurely pursuits (formerly restricted to members of the aristocracy) is apparent in his painting Luncheon of the Boating Party 1881. The dynamic social structure of late nineteenth century France is evident in this paintings illustration of many diverse social classes enjoying the luxury of a day in the suburbs of Paris on the river Seine. As a social commentary this group embodies the fulfillment of the French Revolutions promise of freedom and equality for all citizens, regardless of wealth or social class. (Road Para. 6) The historical significance of this painting is that it represents the culmination of Rennins artistic talents up to this point in his life and marks a departure for him from purely Impressionist renderings. In this painting Renoir exhibited his talents in boot Classical and Impressionistic painting styles, combining his skills in portraiture, landscape, and still life in one coherent masterful composition. (Movement Para. ) Part VIII Your interpretation of the Art Objects content (your critical Judgment) Rennins intention in this painting is to celebrate the increasing freedom and quality of life of middle class Parisian that grew out of the social and economic changes the French revolution set into motion. The middle class may still be tied to their work in the city but increased wages and a shorter workweek give them the freedom to make an excursion to the suburbs to enjoy leisurely pursuits, and forget about work and enjoy the company of others in their pursuit of love and happiness in this new modern age. This ideal is communicated with great effect in the painting where varied members of society are Joined together in pleasant harmony within an intimate setting surrounded by scenic beauty. Renoir utilizes all of his talents to depict this paintings scene as a carefree gentle afternoon of communal pleasure, luxurious yet simple and infused with the promise off good life to be had for all. This painting makes me feel nostalgic for a time when American society was less fractured by economic and cultural differences. People were more tolerant and respectful of one another and could enjoy each others company at a place such as evicted in the painting. Alas I believe the American melting pot and the promise of economic freedom for all are empty idealistic notions that have fallen out of favor. Rennins painting reminds us that monumental changes in society and culture are possible, that when unified the working class can be a great force for change in their lives. If people that share the same economic burdens can put aside their petty differences, and rally for a cause for change much can be accomplished. The painting reminds me of many works of art that Eve studied over the course of his semester, in that it has elements and stylistic qualities of the great masters as well as the innovations of the Impressionist movement.

The Black Plague Essays - Plague, Second Plague Pandemic, Epidemics

The Black Plague : From the early fourteenth to late seventeenth century, Europe was decimated by one of the most horrifying pestilence's human kind has ever known(Coulton 493). The killer's name was later to be recognized by the detrimental consummation it had seized upon a person's life. It was known as the Black Plague. This terrible epidemic exhausted small towns across Europe, including the British Isles, brutally killing an incredulous amount of people. The disease had wiped out entire villages leaving dead bodies to decompose within the gutters of streets and corners of allies(Ziegler 17). Though people were introduced to the severity of the plague, they were still mystified as to the causes of the deadly disease. Because of this fact, a parade of unconfirmed myths and questionable facts had arisen concerning the sources of the abhorrent epidemic for over five centuries(Coulton 493). In the nineteenth century, the causes of the terrifying pestilence was discovered and the Black Death was no longer a conundrum. One myth, of the origin of the deadly plague was said to be a result of medieval gas warfare. Yet another myth, stated that the murderous disease was an aftereffect of a great earthquake that occurred in Europe. Scientists even believed that the epidemic was caused by Paolilli 2 heaps of unburned corpses left in churchyards(Beatty and Marks 80). The last proven cause of the pestilence was found to be a disease of rats and other related animals(Rowling 186). One of the myths as to the cause of the Black Plague is quite an unusual story that was formed by peoples unexplainable imaginations. One of the probable derivations of the epidemic supposedly was born in a terrible war that had occurred between the deadly waters of the Indian Ocean and the sun(Ziegler 14). The immense waters of the treacherous blue ocean were lifted up like a solid wall of concrete to fight the flaming sun. As the wall stood in the midst of the air still touching the base of the water, dangerous vapors began to disperse from the water. The high winds spurred the poisonous fumes spurred out in every direction(Ziegler 14). The plague reached the nearby lands and the epidemic began to take it's murderous route. This myth arose from small villages as people spread rumor after rumor from the stories they had once heard as to the unexplainable causes of the plague. Though this tale is entirely nonsensical, people were still mystified because of the secrecy as to the causes that they were eager to believe any explanation that there was to offer concerning the deadly plague. Paolilli 3 Another myth, as to the beginning of the dreadful virus, is it arose from poisonous fumes as a direct result of earthquakes that occurred during the Medieval times. It was stated that a horrendous amount of pressure had been building up underneath the Earth for several years(Ziegler 21). Poisonous gases then began to stir amongst each other. Then terrible earthquakes had rocked Europe and the poisonous fumes, that were once enclosed by the several layers of earth, were now being released through cracks into the atmosphere. This viperous cloud streamed across Europe and killed each individual who it met(Ziegler 21). Next, it was stated that the epidemic was caused by innumerable layers of unburned corpses that were left in churchyards(Beatty and Marks 81). A man named Galen had stated, The infection arose from 'Inspiration of air infected with a putrid exhalation. The beginning of the putrescence may be a multitude of unburned corpses, as may happen in war; or the exhalations of marshes and ponds in the summer?'(Ziegler 22). A Dr. Crighton also supported the findings that the plague had originated within the piles of dead corpses that were left unburied. He stated that specific incidents that would explain the tremendous amount of people left dead are directly related to the tragedies that had struck Paolilli 4 China(Ziegler 24). He also concluded that, the probable reason why there was such a high death rate among church affiliated persons is the dead were buried in churchyards where the priests and monks lived close to. The church related people had obtained cadaveric poisoning from the enormous amount of dead bodies and diseases